Phytochemical profile and physicochemical characterization of the leaves of Bauhinia racemosa

Deepak Jha; Ashish Singh Pari

doi:10.56782/pps.328

Published : 2025-03-27

Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025)

Phytochemical profile and physicochemical characterization of the leaves of Bauhinia racemosa

Deepak Jha

Ashish Singh Pari

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.328

Abstract

The current study focuses on the comprehensive evaluation of the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of Bauhinia racemosa (B. racemosa) leaves, a plant widely used in traditional medicine across Asia. Fresh leaves were collected, authenticated, air-dried, and powdered before undergoing Soxhlet extraction with solvents such as acetone, water, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. Physicochemical parameters — including ash values, extractive values, moisture content, and potential of hydrogen (pH) — were measured to ensure quality and stability. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Notably, the identification of flavonoids and phenolic compounds underscores the plant’s potential for managing oxidative stress and related health conditions. We establish a foundational profile of B. racemosa leaves, contributing to their standardization and supporting their medicinal value for potential applications in herbal medicine and pharmaceutical development.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Deepak Jha, Ashish Singh Parihar, Phytochemical profile and physicochemical analysis of the leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 4 (2024)
Swati Pawar, Vishnu P Choudhari, Deepak Jha, Bhanudas Kuchekar, Reshma Jadhav, Isolation and characterization of β-sitosterol and β-citraurin from saponified paprika oleoresin , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025)

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

PDF

Citation rules

Jha, D., & Pari, A. S. (2025). Phytochemical profile and physicochemical characterization of the leaves of Bauhinia racemosa. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23(1), 111–115. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.328

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

1. Ale, Y.; Rana, S.; Nainwal, N.; Rawat, S.; Butola, M.; Zainul, R.; Jakhmola, V. Phytochemical Screening and Green Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles of Sapindus mukorossi Fruit Extracts. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2023, 16(12), 5643–5649. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00912

2. World Health Organization. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506096 (accessed on 31 November 2024).

3. Newman, D.J.; Cragg, G.M. Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Last 25 Years. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70(3), 461–477. DOI: 10.1021/np068054v

4. Tabassum, S.; Ahmad, S.; Ali, B.; Usman, F.; Jabeen, Q.; Sajid-ur-Rehman, M.; Ahmed, M.; Zubair, H.M.; Alkazmi, L.; Batiha, G.E.; Basit, A. Chemical Profiling and Evaluation of Toxicological, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Nociceptive and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential of Portulacaria afra Using In-Vitro, In-Vivo and In-Silico Studies. Arab. J. Chem. 2023, 16(6), Art. No: 104784. DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104784

5. Rates, S.M. Plants as Source of Drugs. Toxicon. 2001, 39(5), 603–613. DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00154-9

6. Adil, M.; Filimban, F.Z.; Ambrin; Quddoos, A.; Sher, A.A.; Naseer, M. Phytochemical Screening, HPLC Analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Effect of Euphorbia parviflora L. (Euphorbiaceae Juss.). Sci. Rep. 2024, 14(1), Art. No: 5627. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55905-w

7. Kulshreshtha, M.; Shukla, K.S.; Tiwari, G.A.; Singh, M.P.; Singh, A. Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Quisqualis indica: An Update. J. Nat. Sci. Med. 2018, 1(2), 41–47. DOI: 10.4103/JNSM.JNSM_20_18.

8. Gurib-Fakim, A. Medicinal Plants: Traditions of Yesterday and Drugs of Tomorrow. Mol. Aspects Med. 2006, 27(1), 1–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.008

9. Prabhu, S.; Vijayakumar, S.; Ramasubbu, R.; Praseetha, P.K.; Karthikeyan, K.; Thiyagarajan, G.; Sureshkumar, J.; Prakash, N. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Bauhinia racemosa Lam.: A Comprehensive Review. Futur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2021, 7, Art. No: 101. DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00251-1

10. Panda, P.; Das, D.; Dash, P.; Ghosh, G. Therapeutic Potential of Bauhinia racemosa—A Mini Review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2015, 32, 169–179.

11. Kamboj, V.P. Herbal Medicine. Curr. Sci. 2000, 78(1), 35–39.

12. Cowan, M.M. Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1999, 12(4), 564–582. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.12.4.564

13. Arokiarajan, M.S.; Christopher, J.J.; Akram, S.A.W.; Ahmed, N.Z.; Meena, R.; Ahmed, K.K. Phyto-Chemical, Analytical Evaluation and Biological Attributes of Rare Medicinal Species of Flowering Shrub Bauhinia racemosa L. Adv. Tradit. Med. (ADTM) 2024, 1181–1203. DOI: 10.1007/s13596-024-00761-2

14. Heinrich, M.; Williamson, E.M.; Gibbons, S.; Barnes, J. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy E-BOOK. Elsevier Health Sciences: London, UK, 2012.

15. Adugna, H.; Ezez, D.; Guadie, A.; Tefera, M. Phytochemical Profiling, Evaluation of Heavy Metal Load, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Various Medicinal Plants. J. Agric. Food Res. 2024, 16, Art. No: 101190. DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101190

16. Fabricant, D.S.; Farnsworth, N.R. The Value of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine for Drug Discovery. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109(Suppl. 1), 69–75. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.01109s169

17. Mokaizh, A.A.; Nour, A.H.; Alazaiza, M.Y.; Mustafa, S.E.; Omer, M.S.; Nassani, D.E. Extraction and Characterization of Biological Phytoconstituents of Commiphora gileadensis Leaves Using Soxhlet Method. Processes 2024, 12(8), Art. No: 1567. DOI: 10.3390/pr12081567

18. Khandelwal, K.R.; Sethi, V. Practical Pharmacognosy. 32nd ed.; Nirali Prakashan: Pune, India, 2022.

19. Kokate, C.K. Practical Pharmacognosy. 5th ed.; Vallabh Prakashan: New Delhi, India, 2022.

20. Tiwari, P.; Kumar, B.; Kaur, M.; Kaur, G.; Kaur, H. Phytochemical Screening and Extraction: A Review. Int. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 1, 98–106.

21. Sharma, A.; Shanker, C.; Tyagi, L.K.; Singh, M.; Rao, C.V. Herbal Medicine for Market Potential in India: An Overview. Acad. J. Plant Sci. 2008, 1(2), 26–36.

22. Verma, S.; Singh, S.P. Current and Future Status of Herbal Medicines. Vet. World. 2008, 1(11), 347.

23. Lobo, V.; Patil, A.; Phatak, A.; Chandra, N. Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Functional Foods: Impact on Human Health. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2010, 4(8), 118-126. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.70902

24. World Health Organization. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1998. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241545100 (accessed on 31 November 2024).

25. Sofowora, A.; Ogunbodede, E.; Onayade, A. The Role and Place of Medicinal Plants in the Strategies for Disease Prevention. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 10(5), 210–229. DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.2

26. Dogara, F.; et al. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Analysis of Bauhinia racemosa. Merit Res. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2023, 8(2), 024–032. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8398740

27. Fürst, R.; Zündorf, I.; Dingermann, T. New Knowledge About Old Drugs: The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cardiac Glycosides. Planta Med. 2017, 83 (12/13), 977–984. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-105390.

28. Bucki, R.; Leszczyńska, K.; Byfield, F. J.; Fein, D. E.; Won, E.; Cruz, K.; Namiot, A.; Kułakowska, A.; Namiot, Z.; Savage, P. B.; Diamond, S. L.; Janmey, P. A. Combined Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Cationic Disubstituted Dexamethasone-Spermine Conjugate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010, 54, 2525–2533. DOI: 10.1128/aac.01682-09

29. Harborne, J.B. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed.; Springer: New York, USA, 1998.

30. Patel, D.K.; Patel, K.; Dhanabal, S.P. Phytochemical Standardization of Aloe vera Extract by HPTLC Techniques. J. Acute Dis. 2012, 1(1), 47–50. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-6189(13)60011-6

31. Sultana, B.; Anwar, F.; Ashraf, M. Effect of Extraction Solvent/Technique on the Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts. Molecules 2009, 14(6), 2167–2180. DOI: 10.3390/molecules14062167

32. Tiwari, B.K.; Valdramidis, V.P.; O’Donnell, C.P.; et al. Application of Natural Antimicrobials for Food Preservation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57 (14), 5987–6000. DOI: 10.1021/jf900668n

33. Singleton, V.L.; Rossi, J.A. Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 1965, 16, 144–158. DOI: 10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144

34. Williamson, E.M. Synergy and Other Interactions in Phytomedicines. Phytomedicine 2001, 8(5), 401–409. DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00060

35. Dixit, T.; Tiwari, A.; Bose, S.; Kulkarni, H.; Suthar, J.; Ravindran, S. Metabolism of Phytochemicals. In: Drug Metabolism. Dunnington, K. Ed. 2021. IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.100569. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100569

Deepak Jha

drdbjmw@gmail.com

Affiliation:

a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:74:"Department of Pharmacy, Oriental University, Indore 453555, Madhya Pradesh";} India