European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines, Version 10.1, October 2020.
Pincus JM, Crosby SS, Losina E, et al. Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in patients presenting to an urban urgent care center. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; https://doi.org/10.1086/379772.
Tsybina P, Hennink M, Diener T, et al. Repeated false reactive ADVIA centaur® and bio-rad Geenius™ HIV tests in a patient self-administering anabolic steroids. BMC Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4722-8.
Lee K, Park H, Kang E. Reduction of the HIV seroconversion window period and false positive rate by using ADVIA centaur HIV antigen/antibody combo assay. Ann Lab Med. 2013; https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2013.33.6.420.6.
Serhir B, Desjardins C, Doualla-Bell F, et al. Evaluation of the bio-rad Geenius HIV 1/2 assay as part of a confirmatory HIV testing strategy for Quebec, Canada: comparison with Western blot and Inno-Lia assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01398-18.
Padeh YC, Rubinstein A, Shliozberg J. Common variable immunodeficiency and testing for HIV-1. N Engl J Med. 2005; 10:1074-1075.
Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors; implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003; 17:1871-1879.
Cohen MS, Gay CL, Busch MP, et al. The Detection of Acute HIV Infection. J Infect Dis. 2010; https://doi.org/10.1086/655651.
Robb Merlin L, Ananworanich J. Lessons from acute HIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000316.
McMichael A, Borrow P, Tomaras G, et al. The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010; https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2674.
Chinen J, Shearer WT. Molecular virology and immunology of HIV infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002; https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.126226.
Liu P, Jackson P, Shaw N, et al. Spectrum of false positivity for the fourth generation human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic tests. AIDS Res Ther. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-015-0086-3.
Stekler JD, Violette LR, Niemann L, et al. Repeated false-positive HIV test results in a patient taking HIV preexposure prophylaxis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy197.
Bouman A, Heineman MJ, Faas MM. Sex hormones and the immune response in humans. Hum Reprod Update. 2005; 11:411–423.
Trigunaite A, Dimo J, Jørgensen TN. Suppressive effects of androgens on the immune system. Cell Immunol. 2015; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.004.
Ananworanich J, Sacdalan CP, Pinyakorn S, et al. Virological and immunological characteristics of HIV-infected individuals at the earliest stage of infection. J Virus Erad. 2016; 2(1):43-48.
Koçar IH, Yesilova Z, Ozata M, et al. The effect of testosterone replacement treatment on immunological features of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000; https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01329.x.
Kelley CF, Barbour JD, Hecht FM. The relation between symptoms, Viral Load, and Viral Load Set Point in primary HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007; https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e318074ef6e.
Sanders EJ, Wahome E, Powers KA, et al. Targeted screening of at-risk adults for acute HIV-1 infection in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2015; https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000924.
Prins HAB, Verbon A, Boucher CAB, et al. Ending the epidemic: Critical role of primary HIV infection. Neth J Med. 2017; 75(8):321-327.