THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMMUNE-BOOSTING PREPARATIONS IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

Kacper Jasiński; Paulina Oleksa; Daria Żuraw; Mateusz Sobczyk; Mikołaj Porzak; Alicja Sodolska; Bartosz Pawłowski

doi:10.56782/pps.190

Published : 2024-09-24

Vol. 22 No. 3 (2024)

The effectiveness of the immune-boosting preparations in prevention and treatment of respiratory infections

Kacper Jasiński

Paulina Oleksa

Daria Żuraw

Mateusz Sobczyk

Mikołaj Porzak

Alicja Sodolska

Bartosz Pawłowski

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.190

Abstract

Respiratory infections are one of the most common diseases that both primary care physicians and specialists working in hospitals have to deal with. The percentage of these diseases is particularly high in children and, depending on the child's age, may range from 6% to even 25%. A major clinical problem is the recurrent nature of these infections and their complications. This results in receiving an increased number of medications that can cause numerous side effects. Overprescription of antibiotics and consequently, an increase of antibiotic resistance are also observed. Looking forward, the prevention of recurrent infections is the key problem. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the most popular preparations available on the pharmaceutical market that can improve immunity and complement conventional methods of treating infections or completely replace them. These include elderberry, β-Glucans, lactoferrin, colostrum, black cumin, echinacea, propolis, Streptococcus salivarius K12, inosine pranobex, ginseng, and OM-85 bacterial lysate. We reviewed the literature from 2012 to 2024 using Pubmed and Google Scholar. The assessment of the effectiveness of preparations for immunity was based primarily on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials. The above-mentioned preparations are largely characterized by a positive impact on improving the immunity of individuals supplementing them by activating
non-specific immunity mechanisms. Their use in the prevention and treatment of some infections appears to be promising. However, this review does not allow us to recommend the analyzed therapies as standard methods of supporting immunity in respiratory infections.

Keywords:

immunity system, recurrent infections, supplements, immune-boosting preparations

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Daria Żuraw, Paulina Oleksa, Mateusz Sobczyk, Kacper Jasiński, Simple obesity in children , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 21 No. 2 (2023)
Mateusz Sobczyk, Daria Żuraw, Paulina Oleksa, Kacper Jasiński, Mikołaj Porzak, Michał Dacka, SGLT2 inhibitors and their possible use in prevention and treatment of neurological diseases , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 1 (2024)
Paulina Oleksa, Daria Żuraw, Kacper Jasiński, Mateusz Sobczyk, Mikołaj Porzak, Alicja Sodolska, Karolina Haczkur-Pawłowska, Drugs and other chemical substances inducing diabetes – review of the literature , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2024)
Mateusz Sobczyk, Mikołaj Porzak, Daria Żuraw, Alicja Sodolska, Paulina Oleksa, Kacper Jasiński, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth – current, novel and possible future methods of treatment and diagnosis , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2024)
Michał Dacka, Mateusz Sobczyk , Paulina Dąbrowska , Kamila Giżewska , Michał Żuber , Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist in acute and preventive treatment of migraine , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 3 (2024)

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

PDF (Język Polski)

Citation rules

Jasiński, K., Oleksa, P., Żuraw, D., Sobczyk, M., Porzak, M., Sodolska, A., & Pawłowski, B. (2024). The effectiveness of the immune-boosting preparations in prevention and treatment of respiratory infections. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(3), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.190

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Shokri-Mashhadi, N.; Kazemi, M.; Saadat, S.; Moradi, S. Effects of select dietary supplements on the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory tract infections: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Expert. Rev. Respir. Med. 2021, 15(6), 805–21. doi:10.1080/17476348.2021.1918546 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2021.1918546

Evans, M.; Falcone, P.H.; Crowley, D.C.; et al. Effect of a Euglena gracilis Fermentate on Immune Function in Healthy, Active Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019, 11(12), Art. No: 2926. doi:10.3390/nu11122926 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122926

Pasternak, G.; Lewandowicz-Uszyńska, A.; Królak-Olejnik, B. Recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Pol. Merkur. Lek. Organ. Pol. Tow. Lek. 2020, 49(286), 260-266.

Chiappini, E.; Santamaria, F.; Marseglia, G.L.; et al. Prevention of recurrent respiratory infections : Inter-society Consensus. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2021, 47(1), Art. No:211. doi: 10.1186/s13052-021-01150-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-021-01150-0

Cuppari, C.; Colavita, L.; Miraglia Del Giudice, M.; Chimenz, R.; Salpietro, C. Recurrent respiratory infections between immunity and atopy. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. Off Publ. Eur. Soc. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2020, Suppl 24, 19-21. doi: 10.1111/pai.13160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13160

Młynarczyk, K.; Walkowiak-Tomczak, D.; Łysiak GP. Bioactive properties of Sambucus nigra L. as a functional ingredient for food and pharmaceutical industry. J. Funct. Foods 2018, 40, 377-390. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.025

Domínguez, R.; Zhang, L.; Rocchetti, G.; et al. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) as potential source of antioxidants. Characterization, optimization of extraction parameters and bioactive properties. Food Chem. 2020, 330, Art. No: 127266. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127266

Hawkins, J.; Baker, C.; Cherry, L.; Dunne, E. Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation effectively treats upper respiratory symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. Complement. Ther. Med. 2019, 42, 361-365. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.004

Stępień, AE.; Trojniak, J.; Tabarkiewicz J. Health-Promoting Properties: Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Properties of Sambucus nigra L. Flowers and Fruits. Molecules 2023, 28(17), Art. No: 6235. doi: 10.3390/molecules28176235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176235

Vujanović, M.; Majkić, T.; Zengin, G.; Beara, I.; Tomović, V.; Šojić, B.; Đurović, S.; Radojković, M. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) juice as a novel functional product rich in health-promoting compounds. RSC Adv. 2020, 10(73), 44805-44814. doi: 10.1039/d0ra09129d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA09129D

Sidor, A.; Gramza-Michałowska, A. Advanced research on the antioxidant and health benefit of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) in food – a review. J. Funct. Foods 2015, 18, 941-958. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.012

Przybylska-Balcerek, A.; Szablewski, T.; Szwajkowska-Michałek, L., Świerk, D.; Cegielska-Radziejewska R.; Krejpcio Z.; Suchowilska, E.; Tomczyk, Ł.; Sambucus Nigra Extracts-Natural Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Compounds. Molecules 2021, 26(10), Art. No: 2910. doi: 10.3390/molecules26102910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102910

Marțiș Petruț, GS.; Mureșan, V.; Marc Vlaic, RM.; et al. The Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Sambucus nigra L. and Sambucus nigra Haschberg during Growth Phases: From Buds to Ripening. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021, 10(7), Art. No: 1093. doi: 10.3390/antiox10071093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071093

Elderberry. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) . National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501835/ (accessed on day 18th June, 2024).

Viapiana, A.; Wesolowski, M. The Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Infusions of Sambucus nigra L. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2017, 72(1), 82-87. doi: 10.1007/s11130-016-0594-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-016-0594-x

16.Senica, M.; Stampar, F.; Veberic, R.; Mikulic-Petkovsek, M. Processed elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) products: A beneficial or harmful food alternative? LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 72, 182-188. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.056

Sambuci flos - herbal medicinal product | European Medicines Agency. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/sambuci-flos (accessed on day 18th June, 2024).

Giannattasio, A.; Poggi, E.; Trapani, G.; et al. Primary care experience on Stimunex® gocce in children with recurrent respiratory infections: a real-world study during the COVID-19 pandemic era. Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr). 2022, 50(3), 8-14. doi: 10.15586/aei.v50i3.562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50i3.562

Tiralongo, E.; Wee, S.S.; Lea, R.A. Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2016, 8(4), Art. No: 182. doi: 10.3390/nu8040182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8040182

Macknin, M.; Wolski, K.; Negrey, J.; Mace, S. Elderberry Extract Outpatient Influenza Treatment for Emergency Room Patients Ages 5 and Above: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2020, 35(11), 3271-3277. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06170-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06170-w

Mah, E.; Kaden, V.N.; Kelley, K.M.; Liska, D.J. Beverage Containing Dispersible Yeast β-Glucan Decreases Cold/Flu Symptomatic Days After Intense Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Diet. Suppl. 2020, 17(2), 200-210. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1495676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2018.1495676

Zhong, K.; Liu, Z.; Lu, Y.; Xu, X. Effects of yeast β-glucans for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Nutr. 2021, 60(8), 4175-4187. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02566-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02566-4

Dharsono, T.; Rudnicka, K.; Wilhelm, M.; Schoen, C. Effects of Yeast (1,3)-(1,6)-Beta-Glucan on Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Subjects. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2019, 38(1), 40-50. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1478339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2018.1478339

McFarlin, B.K.; Carpenter, K.C.; Davidson, T.; McFarlin, M.A. Baker’s yeast beta glucan supplementation increases salivary IgA and decreases cold/flu symptomatic days after intense exercise. J. Diet. Suppl. 2013, 10(3), 171-183. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2013.820248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2013.820248

Vlassopoulou, M.; Yannakoulia, M.; Pletsa, V.; Zervakis, G.I.; Kyriacou, A. Effects of fungal beta-glucans on health – a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct. 2021, 12(8), 3366-3380. doi:10.1039/D1FO00122A DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1FO00122A

Jesenak, M.; Hrubisko, M.; Majtan, J.; Rennerova, Z.; Banovcin, P. Anti-allergic effect of Pleuran (β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Phytother. Res. PTR. 2014, 28(3), 471-474. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5020

Talbott, S.M.; Talbott, J.A. Baker’s yeast beta-glucan supplement reduces upper respiratory symptoms and improves mood state in stressed women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2012, 31(4), 295-300. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2012.10720441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2012.10720441

Arslan, A.; Kaplan, M.; Duman, H.; et al. Bovine Colostrum and Its Potential for Human Health and Nutrition. Front. Nutr. 2021, 8, Art. No: 651721. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.651721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.651721

Playford, R.J.; Weiser, M.J. Bovine Colostrum: Its Constituents and Uses. Nutrients 2021, 13(1), Art. No: 265. doi: 10.3390/nu13010265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010265

Baśkiewicz-Hałasa, M.; Stachowska, E.; Grochans, E.; et al. Moderate Dose Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Prevention of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Medical University Students: A Randomized, Triple Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023, 15(8), Art. No: 1925. doi: 10.3390/nu15081925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081925

Patıroğlu, T.; Kondolot, M. The effect of bovine colostrum on viral upper respiratory tract infections in children with immunoglobulin A deficiency. Clin. Respir. J. 2013, 7(1), 21-26. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-699X.2011.00268.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-699X.2011.00268.x

Hałasa, M.; Skonieczna-Żydecka, K.; Machaliński, B.; Bühner, L.; Baśkiewicz-Hałasa, M. Six Weeks of Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum Effectively Reduces URTIs Symptoms Frequency and Gravity for Up to 20 Weeks in Pre-School Children. Nutrients 2023, 15(16), Art. No: 3626. doi: 10.3390/nu15163626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163626

Jones, A.W.; Cameron, S.J.S.; Thatcher, R.; Beecroft, M.S.; Mur, L.A.J.; Davison, G. Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on upper respiratory illness in active males. Brain Behav. Immun. 2014, 39, 194-203. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.032

Jones, A.W.; March, D.S.; Curtis, F.; Bridle, C. Bovine colostrum supplementation and upper respiratory symptoms during exercise training: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC. Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil. 2016, 8, Art. No: 21. doi: 10.1186/s13102-016-0047-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0047-8

Główka, N.; Durkalec-Michalski, K.; Woźniewicz, M. Immunological Outcomes of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Trained and Physically Active People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020, 12(4), Art. No: 1023. doi: 10.3390/nu12041023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041023

Sinopoli, A.; Isonne, C.; Santoro, M.M.; Baccolini, V. The effects of orally administered lactoferrin in the prevention and management of viral infections: A systematic review. Rev. Med. Virol. 2022, 32(1), Art. No: e2261. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2261

Berthon, B.S.; Williams, L.M.; Williams, E.J.; Wood, L.G. Effect of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function, and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv. Nutr. Bethesda. Md. 2022, 13(5), 1799-1819. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmac047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmac047

Oda, H.; Wakabayashi, H.; Tanaka, M.; et al. Effects of lactoferrin on infectious diseases in Japanese summer: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Wei. Mian. Yu. Gan. Ran. Za. Zhi. 2021, 54(4), 566-574. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.010

Chen, K.; Chai, L.; Li, H.; et al. Effect of bovine lactoferrin from iron-fortified formulas on diarrhea and respiratory tract infections of weaned infants in a randomized controlled trial. Nutr. Burbank. Los Angel. Cty. Calif. 2016, 32(2), 222-227. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.010

Gualdi, L.; Mertz, S.; Gomez, A.M.; Ramilo, O.; Wittke, A.; Mejias, A. Lack of effect of bovine lactoferrin in respiratory syncytial virus replication and clinical disease severity in the mouse model. Antiviral. Res. 2013, 99(2), 188-195. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.05.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.05.013

Vitetta, L.; Coulson, S.; Beck, S.L.; Gramotnev, H.; Du, S.; Lewis, S. The clinical efficacy of a bovine lactoferrin/whey protein Ig-rich fraction (Lf/IgF) for the common cold: a double blind randomized study. Complement. Ther. Med. 2013, 21(3), 164-171. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2012.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2012.12.006

Ciesielska-Figlon, K.; Wojciechowicz, K.; Wardowska, A.; Lisowska, K.A. The Immunomodulatory Effect of Nigella sativa. Antioxid. Basel. Switz. 2023, 12(7), Art. No: 1340. doi: 10.3390/antiox12071340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071340

Hannan, MdA.; Rahman, MdA.; Sohag, AAM. et al. Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety. Nutrients 2021, 13(6), Art. No: 1784. doi: 10.3390/nu13061784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061784

Ojueromi, O.O.; Oboh, G.; Ademosun, A.O. Black Seed (Nigella sativa): A Favourable Alternative Therapy for Inflammatory and Immune System Disorders. Inflammopharmacol. 2022, 30(5), 1623-1643. doi: 10.1007/s10787-022-01035-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-01035-6

Montazeri, R.S.; Fatahi, S.; Sohouli, M.H.; et al. The effect of nigella sativa on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Food Biochem. 2021, 45(4), Art. No: e13625. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13625

Kavyani, Z.; Musazadeh, V.; Golpour-Hamedani, S.; Moridpour, A.H.; Vajdi, M.; Askari, G. The effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Inflammopharmacol. 2023, 31(3), 1149-1165. doi: 10.1007/s10787-023-01213-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-023-01213-0

Salem, A.; Bamosa, A.; Alam, M.; et al. Effect of Nigella sativa on general health and immune system in young healthy volunteers; a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. F1000Research 2021, 10, Art. No: 1199. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.73524.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73524.1

Koshak, A.E.; Koshak, E.A.; Mobeireek, A.F.; et al. Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement. Ther. Med. 2021, 61, Art. No: 102769. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102769

Ashraf, S.; Ashraf, S.; Ashraf, M.; et al. Honey and Nigella sativa against COVID-19 in Pakistan (HNS-COVID-PK): A multicenter placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Phytother. Res. PTR. 2023, 37(2), 627-644. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7640

Bin Abdulrahman, K.A.; Bamosa, A.O.; Bukhari, A.I.; et al. The Effect of Short Treatment with Nigella Sativa on Symptoms, the Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Profile, and Inflammatory Markers in Mild COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2022, 19(18), Art. No: 11798. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811798 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811798

Dobrange, E.; Peshev, D.; Loedolff, B.; Van den Ende, W. Fructans as Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Agents: The Case of Echinacea. Biomolecules. 2019, 9(10), Art. No: 615. doi: 10.3390/biom9100615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100615

Burlou-Nagy, C.; Bănică, F.; Jurca, T.; et al. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: Biological and Pharmacological Properties. A Review. Plants Basel Switz. 2022, 11(9), Art. No: 1244. doi:10.3390/plants11091244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091244

Ahmadi, F.; Kariman, K.; Mousavi, M.; Rengel, Z. Echinacea: Bioactive Compounds and Agronomy. Plants (Basel). 2024, 13(9), Art. No: 1235. doi: 10.3390/plants13091235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091235

Bruni, R.; Brighenti, V.; Caesar, LK.; Bertelli, D.; Cech, NB.; Pellati, F. Analytical methods for the study of bioactive compounds from medicinally used Echinacea species. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018, 160, 443-477. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.044

Ogal, M.; Johnston, S.L.; Klein, P.; Schoop, R. Echinacea reduces antibiotic usage in children through respiratory tract infection prevention: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2021, 26(1), Art. No: 33. doi: 10.1186/s40001-021-00499-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00499-6

Barth, A.; Hovhannisyan, A.; Jamalyan, K.; Narimanyan, M. Antitussive effect of a fixed combination of Justicia adhatoda, Echinacea purpurea and Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts in patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection: A comparative, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm. 2015, 22(13), 1195-1200. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.001

Mesri, M.; Esmaeili, Saber, S.S.; Godazi, M.; et al. The effects of combination of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea on alleviation of clinical symptoms and hospitalization rate of suspected COVID-19 outpatients: a randomized controlled trial. J. Complement. Integr. Med. 2021, 18(4), 775-781. doi: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2020-0283

Abdel-Naby, Awad, O.G. Echinacea can help with Azithromycin in prevention of recurrent tonsillitis in children. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 2020, 41(4), Art. No: 102344. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102344

David, S.; Cunningham, R. Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement. Ther. Med. 2019, 44, 18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.011

Karsch-Völk, M.; Barrett, B.; Kiefer, D.; Baue,r R.; Ardjomand-Woelkart, K.; Linde, K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 2014(2), Art. No: 000530. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3

Haefeli, WE.; Carls, A. Drug interactions with phytotherapeutics in oncology. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 2014, 10(3), 359-377. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2014.873786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2014.873786

Rombolà, L.; Scuteri, D.; Marilisa, S.; et al. Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Herbal Medicines and Drugs: Their Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance. Life 2020, 10(7), Art. No: 106. doi: 10.3390/life10070106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life10070106

Zulhendri, F.; Perera, C.O.; Tandean, S.; et al. The Potential Use of Propolis as a Primary or an Adjunctive Therapy in Respiratory Tract-Related Diseases and Disorders: A Systematic Scoping Review. Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomedecine Pharmacother. 2022, 146, Art. No: 112595. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112595 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112595

Zulhendri, F.; Lesmana, R.; Tandean, S.; et al. Recent Update on the Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Propolis. Mol. Basel. Switz. 2022, 27(23), Art. No: 8473. doi: 10.3390/molecules27238473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238473

Esposito, C.; Garzarella, E.U.; Bocchino, B.; et al. A standardized polyphenol mixture extracted from poplar-type propolis for remission of symptoms of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (URTI): A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm. 2021, 80, Art. No: 153368. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153368

66.Dilokthornsakul, W.; Kosiyaporn, R.; Wuttipongwaragon, R.; Dilokthornsakul, P. Potential effects of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment: A systematic review of in silico and clinical studies. J. Integr. Med. 2022, 20(2), 114-125. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.01.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2022.01.008

Arentz, S.; Hunter, J.; Khamba, B.; et al. Honeybee products for the treatment and recovery from viral respiratory infections including SARS-COV-2: A rapid systematic review. Integr. Med. Res. 2021, 10, Art. No: 100779. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2021.100779 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2021.100779

Silveira, M.A.D.; De Jong, D.; Berretta, A.A.; et al. Efficacy of Brazilian green propolis (EPP-AF®) as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomedecine Pharmacother. 2021, 138, Art. No: 111526. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111526

Di Pierro, F.; Colombo, M.; Zanvit, A.; Risso, P.; Rottoli, A.S. Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the prevention of streptococcal and viral pharyngotonsillitis in children. Drug Healthc. Patient Saf. 2014, 6, 15-20. doi: 10.2147/DHPS.S59665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S59665

Bertuccioli, A.; Gervasi, M.; Annibalini, G.; et al. Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in supporting the mucosal immune function of active young subjects: A randomised double-blind study. Front. Immunol. 2023, 14, Art. No: 1129060. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129060

Babina, K.; Salikhova, D.; Polyakova, M.; et al. The Effect of Oral Probiotics (Streptococcus Salivarius k12) on the Salivary Level of Secretory Immunoglobulin A, Salivation Rate, and Oral Biofilm: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022, 14(5), Art. No: 1124. doi: 10.3390/nu14051124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051124

Laws, G.L.; Hale, J.D.F.; Kemp, R.A. Human Systemic Immune Response to Ingestion of the Oral Probiotic Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins 2021, 13(6), 1521-1529. doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09822-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09822-3

Di Pierro, F.; Colombo, M.; Giuliani, M.G.; et al. Effect of administration of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on the occurrence of streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis, scarlet fever and acute otitis media in 3 years old children. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016, 20(21), 4601-4606.

Karpova, E.P.; Karpycheva, I.E.; Tulupov, D.A. Prophylaxis of chronic adenoiditis in the children. Vestn. Otorinolaringol. 2015, 80(6), 43-45. doi: 10.17116/otorino201580643-45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17116/otorino201580643-45

Doyle, H.; Pierse, N.; Tiatia, R.; Williamson, D.; Baker, M.; Crane, J. Effect of Oral Probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on Group A Streptococcus Pharyngitis: A Pragmatic Trial in Schools. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2018, 37(7), 619-623. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001847

Beran, J.; Šalapová, E.; Špajdel, M. Isoprinosine Study (EWO ISO-2014/1) Team. Inosine pranobex is safe and effective for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections: analysis and subgroup analysis from a Phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. BMC. Infect. Dis. 2016, 16(1), Art. No: 648. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1965-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1965-5

Lao, Z gang.; Wu, H.; Wang, S ning.; Song, F.; Ru, H yao.; Dai, L cheng. Amelioration of inflammatory reaction in patients with severe sepsis with inosine. Zhonghua. Wei. Zhong. Bing. Ji. Jiu. Yi. Xue. 2013, 25(4), 204-206. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2013.04.006

Lee, D.K.; Park, S.; Long, N.P.; et al. Research Quality-Based Multivariate Modeling for Comparison of the Pharmacological Effects of Black and Red Ginseng. Nutrients 2020, 12(9), Art. No: 2590. doi: 10.3390/nu12092590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092590

Ratan, Z.A.; Youn, S.H.; Kwak, Y.S.; et al. Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions. J. Ginseng Res. 2021, 45(1), 32-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.004

Mancuso, C.; Santangelo, R. Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: From pharmacology to toxicology. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017, 107, 362-372. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.019

Park, SY.; Park, JH.; Kim, HS.; et al. Systems-level mechanisms of action of Panax ginseng: a network pharmacological approach. J. Ginseng Res. 2018, 42(1), 98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.001

Kim, JS. Investigation of Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Vitamin Contents in Different Parts of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2016, 21(3), 263-270. doi: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.3.263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2016.21.3.263

Cho, Y.J.; Son, H.J.; Kim, K.S. A 14-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng polysaccharide (Y-75). J. Transl. Med. 2014, 12, Art. No: 283. doi: 10.1186/s12967-014-0283-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-014-0283-1

Antonelli, M.; Donelli, D.; Firenzuoli, F. Ginseng integrative supplementation for seasonal acute upper respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement. Ther. Med. 2020, 52, Art. No: 102457. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102457 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102457

Yoon, J.; Park, B.; Kim, H.; Choi, S.; Jung, D. Korean Red Ginseng Potentially Improves Maintaining Antibodies after COVID-19 Vaccination: A 24-Week Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2023, 15(7), Art. No: 1584. doi: 10.3390/nu15071584 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071584

Lee, SO.; Lee, S.; Kim, SJ.; Rhee, DK. Korean Red Ginseng enhances pneumococcal Δpep27 vaccine efficacy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production. J. Ginseng Res. 2019, 43(2), 218-225. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.007

Yin, J.; Xu, B.; Zeng, X.; Shen, K. Broncho-Vaxom in pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2018, 54, 198-209. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.032

Cao, C.; Wang, J.; Li, Y.; et al. Efficacy and safety of OM-85 in paediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections which could have a possible protective effect on COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2021, 75(5), Art. No: 13981. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13981

Troiano, G.; Messina, G.; Nante, N. Bacterial lysates (OM-85 BV): a cost-effective proposal in order to contrast antibiotic resistance. J Prev. Med. Hyg. 2021, 62(2), E564-E573. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2.1734

Zhang, W.; Huang, J.; Liu, H.; Wen, X.; Zheng, Q.; Li, L. Whether Immunostimulants Are Effective in Susceptible Children Suffering From Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: A Modeling Analysis Based on Literature Aggregate Data. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2022, 62(2), 245-253. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1969

Esposito, S.; Bianchini, S.; Bosis, S.; et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, single-centre, phase IV trial to assess the efficacy and safety of OM-85 in children suffering from recurrent respiratory tract infections. J. Transl. Med. 2019, 17(1), Art. No: 284. doi: 10.1186/s12967-019-2040-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-2040-y

Souza, F.C.; de Mocellin, M.; Ongaratto, R.; et al. OM-85 BV for primary prevention of recurrent airway infections: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Einstein. Sao. Paulo. Braz. 2020, 18, Art. No: eAO5262. doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5262

Esposito, S.; Marchisio, P.; Prada, E.; et al. Impact of a mixed bacterial lysate (OM-85 BV) on the immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of inactivated influenza vaccine in children with recurrent respiratory tract infection. Vaccine 2014, 32(22), 2546-2552. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.055

Kacper Jasiński

kacperjasinski433@gmail.com

Affiliation:

a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:91:"Stefan Kardynał Wyszyński Regional Specialist Hospital, al. Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin";} Poland

Paulina Oleksa

Affiliation:

Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, ul. Doktora Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland Poland

Daria Żuraw

Affiliation:

Central Clinical Hospital, University Clinical Center of Warsaw Medical University, ul. Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland Poland

Mateusz Sobczyk

Affiliation:

Stefan Kardynał Wyszyński Regional Specialist Hospital, al. Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland Poland

Mikołaj Porzak

Affiliation:

Stefan Kardynał Wyszyński Regional Specialist Hospital, al. Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland Poland

Alicja Sodolska

Affiliation:

Lubimed Family Medical Center in Lublin, ul. Jacka Woronieckiego 11, 20-492 Lublin, Poland Poland

Bartosz Pawłowski

Affiliation:

Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, ul. Doktora Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland Poland