ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID IN PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT: A  COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ITS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS

Oruç Yunusoğlu; Esma Koyuncu

doi:10.56782/pps.456

Published : 2025-08-17

No. 2025 (Early Access)

ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID IN PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ITS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS

Oruç Yunusoğlu

Esma Koyuncu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.456

Abstract

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), also known as thioctic acid is a lipid acid with strong biological activity synthesised from octanoic acid in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, plants, and animals. It is gaining attention for its potential therapeutic benefits for a wide range of health problems. A comprehensive systematic literature review on ALA has been performed without temporal restrictions utilizing the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and SciVerse databases. Different in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have demonstrated numerous potent pharmacological activities of ALA, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer, antiepileptic, antiparkinsonian, anxiolytic, effects on schizophrenia, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiallergic, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-obesity, anti-aging, reproductive system, and so on. Although dietary supplements (tablets, capsules, etc.) containing ALA are available due to their various biological activities, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved over-the-counter (OTC) ALA drugs in the world. Pharmacokinetically, ALA has an oral bioavailability of approximately 30% due to its brief blood half-life, significant presystemic clearance, and hepatic first-pass metabolism. However, the use of different innovative formulations has greatly enhanced ALA bioavailability. The data obtained show that ALA liquid formulations have higher plasma concentrations and therefore bioavailability compared to solid dosages. These innovative approaches hold promise for the development of improved ALA-based treatments across a broad spectrum of health conditions.

Keywords:

alpha-lipoic acid, therapeutic potential, pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutical development

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Yunusoğlu, O., & Koyuncu, E. (2025). ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID IN PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ITS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, (2025 (Early Access). https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.456

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Oruç Yunusoğlu

oruc.yunusoglu@ibu.edu.tr

Affiliation:

a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:90:"1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu";} Turkey

Esma Koyuncu

Affiliation:

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey Turkey