G-Protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)-specific agonist G-1 reduces cell proliferation in gastrointestinal cancer cells independently of GPER1 receptor presence

Akif Hakan Kurt; Vildan Bozok; Cansu Kara Oztabag; Metiner Tosun

doi:10.56782/pps.743

Published : 2026-05-02

Vol. 24 No. 2 (2026)

G-Protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)-specific agonist G-1 reduces cell proliferation in gastrointestinal cancer cells independently of GPER1 receptor presence

Akif Hakan Kurt

Vildan Bozok

Cansu Kara Oztabag

Metiner Tosun

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.743

Abstract

Cancer is considered the second leading cause of death worldwide, following cardiovascular diseases. It is believed that the effect of estrogen is not only limited to tumors of hormonally regulated tissues such as the breast, endometrium, and ovary, but also plays a role in the development of gastric and colorectal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER)-Specific Agonist G-1 on gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma cells. G-1 was applied to human gastric cancer (AGS) and human colon cancer (HT-29) cells at different concentrations. Real-time cellular analysis (RTCA) and MTT assay were used to evaluate cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was employed for the detection of early and late apoptosis using the Annexin-V FITC Kit, Hoechst staining, and analysis of Caspase-3 activation. siRNA was used to knockdown GPER1 expression at the transcriptional level. G-1 exhibited concentration- and time-dependent antiproliferative effects on AGS and HT-29 cells. At the highest concentration, G-1 induced apoptosis in both cell lines. G-1 showed similar antiproliferative effects on cells with and without siRNA treatment. The data suggest that the antiproliferative effects of G-1 appeared to be independent of GPER1 activation G-1 appears to be an attractive tool for suggesting novel targets in the treatment of gastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas.

Keywords:

AGS cells, colon cancer, estrogen receptors, gastric cancer, HT-29 cells

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Kurt, A. H., Bozok, V., Kara Oztabag, C., & Tosun, M. (2026). G-Protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)-specific agonist G-1 reduces cell proliferation in gastrointestinal cancer cells independently of GPER1 receptor presence. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 24(2), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.743

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Akif Hakan Kurt

hakankurt@ibu.edu.tr

Affiliation:

a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:34:"Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University";} Turkey

Vildan Bozok

vildan.bozok@ege.edu.tr
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3915-6363

Affiliation:

Ege University Turkey

Bio Statement (e.g., department and rank)

Prof. Dr. Vildan Bozok

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. vildan.bozok@ege.edu.tr Orcid ID:0000-0003-3915-6363.

Cansu Kara Oztabag

cansu.karaoztabag@ibu.edu.tr

Affiliation:

Bol Abant Izzet Baysal University Turkey

Bio Statement (e.g., department and rank)

Postdoc. Cansu Kara Oztabag

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey cansu.karaoztabag@ibu.edu.tr Orcid ID: 0000-0003-2108-2458.

Metiner Tosun

metiner.tosun@izmirekonomi.edu.tr

Affiliation:

Izmir University of Economics Turkey

Bio Statement (e.g., department and rank)

Prof. Dr. Metiner Tosun

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey. metiner.tosun@izmirekonomi.edu.tr Orcid ID: 0000-0002-2233-5720