Antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity of raw and cooked stinky beans (Parkia speciosa)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.332Keywords:
Stinky beans, phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, anti-inflammatory activityAbstract
Stinky beans (Parkia speciosa) is a traditional legume well-known for its uses as a medicine to treat various ailments. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of phytochemicals, estimate the total phenol and flavonoid content and assess the antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, anti-inflammatory activity and antifungal activity of ethanol extract of raw and cooked stinky
beans seeds using in vitro assays. The phytochemicals namely terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, saponins and proteins were present in both raw and cooked extracts, while alkaloids and saponins were not detected. Steroids was present in the raw extract but absent in the cooked extract. The total phenol content of raw stinky beans (93.17±8.18 mg GAE/g) was non-significantly higher than the cooked stinky beans (81.23±4.97 mg GAE/g) extract. On the other hand, the total flavonoid content of cooked stinky beans (81.74±1.34 mg QE/g) was significantly higher than the raw stinky beans (13.25±0.63 mg QE/g) extract. Both raw and cooked stinky beans possessed excellent scavenging and reducing activity. However, the cooked exert better antioxidant activity compared to the raw. On the other hand, the raw stinky beans exhibit better antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity compared to the cooked ones. Both raw and cooked stinky beans exhibited antifungal activity against Candida krusei, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis organisms. The findings of this study indicate that stinky beans both in the raw and cooked form possess excellent health benefits and have high potential to be further explored in the world of nutrition and health.
Downloads
References
1. Niazi, P.; Monib, A.W. The role of plants in traditional and modern medicine. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2024, 13(2), 643-647. DOI: 10.22271/phyto.2024.v13.i2d.14905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2024.v13.i2d.14905
2. Aggarwal, G.; Sharma, M.; Singh, R.; Sharma, U. Ethnopharmacologically important highly subsidized Indian medicinal plants: Systematic review on their traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, conservation status and future prospective. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2023, 10, Art. No: 117385. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117385 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117385
3. Benzie, I.F.F.; Wachtel-Galor, S. Herbal medicine: Biomolecular and clinical aspects. 2nd ed. Boca Raton. United States. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b10787
4. Roy, A.; Khan, A.; Ahmad, I.; Alghamdi, S.; Rajab, B.S.; Babalghith, A.O.; Alshahrani, M.Y.; Islam, S.; Islam, M.R. Flavonoids a bioactive compound from medicinal plants and its therapeutic applications. Biomed Res. Int. 2022, 2022, Art. No: 5445291. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5445291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5445291
5. Tran, N.; Pham, B.; Le, L. Bioactive compounds in anti-diabetic plants: From herbal medicine to modern drug discovery. Biology 2020, 9(9), Art. No: 252. DOI: 10.3390/biology9090252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9090252
6. Kamisah, Y.; Othman, F.; Qodriyah, H.M.; Jaarin, K. Parkia speciosa hassk.: A potential phytomedicine. eCAM. 2013, 2013, Art. No: 709028. DOI: 10.1155/2013/709028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/709028
7. Ahmad, N.I.; Rahman, S.A.; Leong, Y.H.; Azizul, N.H. A review on the phytochemicals of Parkia Speciosa, stinky beans as potential Phytomedicine. J. Food Sci. Nutr. Res. 2019, 2(3),151-73.
8. Raaman, N. Phytochemical Techniques. New India Publishing Agency. India. 2006, pp. 40-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59317/9789390083404
9. Tiwari, P.; Kumar, B.; Kaur, M.; Kaur, G.; Kaur, H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: a review. Internationale pharmaceutica sciencia 2011, 1(1), 98-106.
10. Liu X.; Dong, M.; Chen, X.; Jiang M.; Lv X.; Yan G. Antioxidant activity and phenolics of an endophytic Xylaria sp. from Ginkgo biloba. Food Chem. 2007, 105(2), 548-554. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.008
11. Nguyen, V.T.; Nguyen, M.T.; Nguyen, N.Q.; Mai, H.C.; Quan, P.M.; Bui, L.M.; Le, V.M.; Nguyen, V.M. Preliminary Chemical, Total Polyphenol, Total Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Asian J. Chem. 2020, 32(5), 1230-1234. DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2020.22257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22257
12. Moniruzzaman, M.; Khalil, M.I.; Sulaiman, S.A.; Gan, S.H. Advances in the analytical methods for determining the antioxidant properties of honey: A review. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 9(1), 36-42. DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v9i1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v9i1.5
13. Ravishankara, M.N.; Shrivastava, N.; Padh, H.; Rajani, M. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of root bark of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.(Anantmul). Phytomedicine 2002, 9(2), 153-160. DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00104
14. Prieto, P.; Pineda, M.; Aguilar, M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal. Biochem. 1999, 269(2), 337-41. DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019
15. Do, Q.D.; Angkawijaya, A.E.; Tran-Nguyen, P.L.; Huynh, L.H.; Soetaredjo, F.E.; Ismadji, S.; Ju, Y.H. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. J. Food Drug Anal. 2014, 22(3), 296-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
16. Quan, N.V.; Xuan, T.D.; Tran, H.D.; Thuy, N.T.; Trang, L.T.; Huong, C.T.; Andriana, Y.; Tuyen, P.T. Antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and potential constituents of Canarium tramdenum bark. Molecules 2019, 24(3), Art. No: 605. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030605 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030605
17. Okoli, C.O.; Akah, P.A.; Onuoha, N.J.; Okoye, T.C.; Nwoye, A.C.; Nworu, C.S. Acanthus montanus: An experimental evaluation of the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunological properties of a traditional remedy for furuncles. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2008, 8, Art. No:27. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-8-27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-8-27
18. Butassi, E.; Svetaz, L.A.; Zhou, S.; Wolfender, J.L.; Cortes, J.C.; Ribas, J.C.; Díaz, C.; Perez-del Palacio, J.; Vicente, F.; Zacchino, S.A. The antifungal activity and mechanisms of action of quantified extracts from berries, leaves and roots of Phytolacca tetramera. Phytomedicine 2019, 60, Art. No: 152884. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152884 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152884
19. Ghasemzadeh, A.; Jaafar, H.Z.; Bukhori, M.F.; Rahmat, M.H.; Rahmat, A. Assessment and comparison of phytochemical constituents and biological activities of bitter bean (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) collected from different locations in Malaysia. Chem. Cent. J. 2018, 12(1), Art. No: 12. DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0377-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0377-6
20. Maria, M.S.; Devarakonda, S.; Kumar, A.T.; Balakrishnan, N. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanol extract of Parkia speciosa against indomethacin induced peptic ulcer in albino rats. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2015, 6(2), Art. No: 895. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).1000-08
21. Sonia, N.; Myrene, R.; Alisha. Pharmacological evaluation of Parkia speciosa Hassk. for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial activities in vitro. IJLSCI 2018, Special Issue A11, 49-59.
22. Muscolo, A.; Mariateresa, O.; Giulio, T.; Mariateresa, R. Oxidative stress: the role of antioxidant phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(6), Art. No: 3264. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063264
23. Acito, M.; Fatigoni, C.; Villarini, M.; Moretti, M. Effect of Cooking and Domestic Storage on the Antioxidant Activity of Lenticchia di Castelluccio di Norcia, an Italian PGI Lentil Landrace. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), Art. No: 2585. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032585
24. Alide, T.; Wangila, P.; Kiprop, A. Effect of cooking temperature and time on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total in vitro antioxidant activity of garlic. BMC Res. Notes 2020, 13, Art. No: 564. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05404-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05404-8
25. Zhang, L.; Qu, H.; Xie, M.; Shi, T.; Shi, P.; Yu, M. Effects of different cooking methods on phenol content and antioxidant activity in sprouted peanut. Molecules 2023, 28(12), Art. No: 4684. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124684 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124684
26. Balaji, K. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of Parkia speciosa. Int. J. Green Pharm. (IJGP). 2015, 9(4), S50-S54.
27. Boua, B.B.; Ouattara, D.; Traoré, L.; Mamyrbekova-Békro JA.; Békro YA. Effect of domestic cooking on the total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin content from plantain of Côte d’Ivoire. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2020, 11(3), 396-403.
28. Bhave, A.; Dasgupta, S. Effect of cooking on total phenol, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging potential of Plectranthus amboinicus. J. Med. Plants Stud. 2018, 6(3), 82-4.
29. Gunathilake, K.P.; Ranaweera, K.S.; Rupasinghe, H.V. Effect of different cooking methods on polyphenols, carotenoids and antioxidant activities of selected edible leaves. Antioxidants 2018, 7(9), Art. No: 117. DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7090117
30. Gulcin, İ.; Alwasel, S.H. DPPH radical scavenging assay. Processes 2023, 11(8), Art. No: 2248. DOI: 10.3390/pr11082248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082248
31. Harlen, W.C.; Jati, I.R. Antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in common legume grains. In: Polyphenols: Mechanisms of action in human health and disease. Watson R.R., Preedy V.R.,& Zibadi S; Academic Press: USA 2018, (pp. 81-92). DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813006-3.00008-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813006-3.00008-8
32. Zhao, Q.; Hou, D.; Laraib, Y.; Xue, Y.; Shen, Q. Comparison of the effects of raw and cooked adzuki bean on glucose/lipid metabolism and liver function in diabetic mice. Cereal Chem. 2021, 98(5), 1081-1090. DOI: 10.1002/cche.10456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10456
33. Hafiz, M.S.; Campbell, M.D.; O’Mahoney, L.L.; Holmes, M.; Orfila, C.; Boesch, C. Pulse consumption improves indices of glycemic control in adults with and without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of acute and long-term randomized controlled trials. Eur. J. Nutr. 2022, 61(2), 809-824. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02685-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02685-y
34. López-Martínez, L.X.; Leyva-López, N.; Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E.P.; Heredia, J.B. Effect of cooking and germination on bioactive compounds in pulses and their health benefits. J. Funct. Foods 2017, 38(Part B), 624-634. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.002
35. DiNicolantonio, J.J.; Bhutani, J.; O'Keefe, J.H. Acarbose: safe and effective for lowering postprandial hyperglycaemia and improving cardiovascular outcomes. Open Heart 2015, 2(1), Art. No: e000327. DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2015-000327
36. Puškárová, A.; Bučková, M.; Kraková, L.; Pangallo, D.; Kozics, K. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of six essential oils and their cyto/genotoxicity to human HEL 12469 cells. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7(1), Art. No: 8211. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-086739. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08673-9
37. Javed, B.; Farooq, F.; Ibrahim, M.; Abbas, H.A.; Jawwad, H.; Zehra, S.S.; Ahmad, H.M.; Sarwer, A.; Malik, K.; Nawaz K. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Salix alba L. against various disease causing pathogens. Braz. J. Biol. 2021, 83, Art. No: e243332. DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.243332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.243332
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tinhoithem Haokip, Annette Beatrice, R Durga Priyadarshini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
For all articles published in Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences copyright is retained by the authors. The journal publishes articles in the Open Access policy, within the CC BY 4.0 licence.
This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the license. Disclaimer.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
How to Cite
