Infrared spectroscopy applications in pharmacy

Matylda Grzelecka; Natalia Tyburc; Paweł Siudem; Katarzyna Paradowska

doi:10.56782/pps.697

Published : 2026-06-30

Vol. 24 No. 2 (2026)

Infrared spectroscopy applications in pharmacy

Matylda Grzelecka

Natalia Tyburc

Paweł Siudem

Katarzyna Paradowska

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.697

Abstract

IInfrared (IR) spectroscopy has become an indispensable analytical tool in the field of pharmaceutical science, providing non-destructive, rapid, and precise insight into the structural and physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical compounds. This review presents an examination of the various applications of infrared spectroscopy in the domain of pharmaceuticals, with a particular focus on four key areas: structural studies, solid form characterization, protein analysis, and polymorphism detection. In structural studies, the method is employed to identify functional groups and confirm the molecular structure of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), thereby providing vital information for the design and development of drugs. Solid form studies benefit from the ability of IR to distinguish between crystalline and amorphous phases, thus supporting formulation optimization and stability assessment. In the domain of protein analysis, infrared spectroscopy, notably Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), facilitates the investigation of protein secondary and tertiary structures, which are of considerable significance for biopharmaceuticals and protein-based therapies. Furthermore, infrared spectroscopy is of significant importance in the field of polymorphism studies, a crucial part of the pharmaceutical development process and drug quality assessment, as the occurrence of several polymorphic forms can have a considerable effect on a substance's solubility, bioavailability, and compliance. Overall, IR spectroscopy remains a powerful and versatile technique that continues to evolve to support pharmaceutical research, quality control, and regulatory compliance throughout the drug development process.

Keywords:

infrared (IR) spectroscopy, pharmacy, polymorphism, proteins

Similar Articles

Tinhoithem Haokip, Annette Beatrice, R Durga Priyadarshini, Antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity of raw and cooked stinky beans (Parkia speciosa) , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 23 No. 3 (2025)
Magdalena Wojtczuk, Agnieszka Dominiak, Carnosic Acid in Carcinogenesis: From Theory to Practice , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025)
Sailaja Gunnam, Sindhura T, Rajeswari Aleti, Monika Nijhawan, Bi-layer tablets of sitagliptin phosphate & metformin hydrochloride – preparation and evaluation , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 23 No. 3 (2025)
Prathamesh V Chaudhari, Reshma Jadhav, Ashish Jain, Priya D Jagtap, Bhavesh D Mahajan, Prapti Gawand, A comprehensive review on drug-induced diseases and teratogenicity , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025)
Mehmet Kaygısız, Eda Sönmez Gürer, Determination of the antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and effects on oxidative DNA damage of extracts from three different Salvia species grown in Turkey , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025)
Memet Yazar, Mustafa Sevindik, Abdullah Ozan Polat, Oğuzhan Koçer, Hilal Kuşçu Karatepe, İmran Uysal, General properties, biosynthesis, pharmacological properties, biological activities and daily uses of luteolin , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 4 (2024)
Nikolay Akatyev, Albina Samigolla, Sun protection properties and photostability of aqueous extracts of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.). , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 4 (2024)
Fatih Islamoğlu, Molecular docking, bioactivity, adme, toxicity risks, and quantum mechanical parameters of some 1,2-dihydroquinoline derivatives were calculated theoretically for investigation of its use as a pharmaceutical active ingredient in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 4 (2024)
Aleksandra Kowalska, The Vitamin E: overview of history of discovery, mechanism of action, role and deficiency , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 3 (2024)
Elidahanum Husni, Dachriyanus Hamidi, Dean Pavvellin, Hafizatul Hidayah, Suryati Syafri, Metabolite profiling, antioxidant, and in vitro wound healing activities of Citrus medica L. and Citrus x microcarpa Bunge peels and leaves essential oils , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 4 (2024)

<< < 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 > >>

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

PDF

Citation rules

Grzelecka, M., Tyburc, N., Siudem, P., & Paradowska, K. (2026). Infrared spectroscopy applications in pharmacy. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 24(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.697

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

1. Kalinkova, G.N. Infrared spectroscopy in pharmacy. Vib. Spectrosc. 1999, 19(2), 307-320. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-2031(99)00017-X

2. Szczepaniak, W. Metody instrumentalne w analizie chemicznej, 1st ed.; Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe: Warsaw, Poznań, Poland, 1979; pp. 107-128.

3. Herschel, W. XIV. Experiments on the refrangibility of the invisible rays of the sun. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1800, (90), 284-292. DOI: 10.1098/rspl.1800.0013

4. Coblentz, W.W. Infra-red absorption spectra: I. gases. Phys. Rev. 1905, 20(5), 273-291. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.20.273

5. Jamrógiewicz, M. Application of the near-infrared spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical technology. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2012, 66, 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.009

6. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare (EDQM), The Ph. Eur. revises its general chapter on Infrared Absorption Spectrophotometry [Press release 2018, April 05], 2018. Available online: https://www.edqm.eu/documents/52006/84797/Press+Release+-+The+Ph.+Eur.+revises+its+general+chapter+on+Infrared+Absorption+Spectrophotometry+-+April+2018.pdf (accessed on 5th December 2025)

7. Hart, J.R.; Norris, K.H.; Golumbig, C. Determination of the moisture content of seeds by near-infrared spectro-photometry of their methanol extracts. Cereal Chem. 1962, 39(2), 94-99.

8. Anderson, C.A.; Drennen, J.K.; Ciurczak, E.W. Pharmaceutical applications of near-infrared spectroscopy. In Handbook of near-infrared analysis, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA, 2007; pp. 603-630.

9. Kozma, B.; Salgó, A.; Gergely, S. On-line glucose monitoring by near infrared spectroscopy during the scale up steps of mammalian cell cultivation process development. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 2019, 42, 921–932. DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02091-z

10. Nascimento, R.J.A.D.; Macedo, G.R.D.; Santos, E.S.D.; Oliveira, J.A.D. Real time and in situ near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for quantitative monitoring of biomass, glucose, ethanol and glycerine concentrations in an alcoholic fermentation. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2017, 34(2), 459-468. DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20170342s20150347

11. Wilbert, D.; Voigt, M.; Jaeger, M. A process analyzer assembly for real-time automated near-infrared, Raman, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic monitoring enhanced by heterocovariance spectroscopy and chemometry applied to a Schiff base formation. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2025, 417, 5703–5713. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-025-05945-6

12. Schaefer, C.; Lecomte, C.; Clicq, D.; Merschaert, A.; Norrant, E.; Fotiadu, F. On-line near infrared spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tool to control an industrial seeded API crystallization. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2013, 83, 194-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.015

13. EMA, E. Guideline on the use of near infrared spectroscopy by the pharmaceutical industry and the data requirements for new submissions and variations. EMEA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/17760/2009 Rev2, 2014, Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-use-near-infrared-spectroscopy-pharmaceutical-industry-and-data-requirements-new-submissions-and-variations_en.pdf (accessed on 28th July 2025).

14. Freitas, M.P.; Sabadin, A.; Silva, L.M.; Giannotti, F.M.; do Couto, D.A.; Tonhi, E.; Madeiros, R.S.; Coco, G.L.; Russo, V.F.T.; Martins, J.A. Prediction of drug dissolution profiles from tablets using NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a rapid and nondestructive method. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2005, 39(1-2), 17-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.03.023

15. Alcalà, M.; Blanco, M.; Bautista, M.; Gonzalez, J.M. On‐line monitoring of a granulation process by NIR spectroscopy. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 99(1), 336-345. DOI: 10.1002/jps.21818

16. Feng, Y.C.; Zhang, X.B.; Hu, C.Q. Construction of identification system for non-invasive analysis of macrolides tablets using near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 51(1), 12-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.018

17. Talati, R.; Parikh, S.; Agrawal, Y.K. Pharmaceutical counterfeiting and analytical authentication. Curr. Pharm. Anal. 2011, 7(1), 54-61. DOI: 10.2174/157341211794708712

18. Wrosz, P., Zastosowanie spektroskopii bliskiej podczerwieni i klasycznej podczerwieni w analizie jakościowej i ilościowej surowców w przemyśle farmaceutycznym i kosmetycznym, PhD Thesis, Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk, Poland, 2012.

19. Wilks Jr, P.A.; Hirschfeld, T. Internal reflection spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 1967, 1(1), 99-130.

20. Mirabella, F. Principles, Theory and Practice of Internal Reflection Spectroscopy. In Internal Reflection Spectroscopy, 1st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA,1992; pp. 17-52.

21. Gad, H.; Al‐Sayed, E.; Ayoub, I. Phytochemical discrimination of Pinus species based on GC–MS and ATR‐IR analyses and their impact on Helicobacter pylori. Phytochem. Anal. 2021, 32(5), 820-835. DOI: 10.1002/pca.3028

22. Azminah, A.; Ahmad, I.; Fikri, J.A.N.; Jumadil, M.I.; Erza, N.A.F.; Abdullah, S.; Simamora, A.; Mun’im, A. Rapid detection of synthetic adulterants in Indonesian herbal medicines using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. J. Res. Pharm. 2023, 27(1), 184-196. DOI: 10.29228/jrp.302

23. Zamani Mazdeh, F.; Chalipour, A.; Salami, F.; Amini, M.; Adli, H.; Rostami, A.; Rashidi Germi, S.; Nobahari Quchan Atigh, M.; Hajimahmoodi, M. Rapid Determination of Ethanol in Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage by ATR-FT-IR Spectroscopy and Headspace Gas Chromatography Confirmation. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2023, 25(2), 391-401. DOI: 10.52547/jast.25.2.391

24. Kolev, I.N.; Ivanova, S.Y.; Amova, A.K.; Alexieva, G.E.; Strashilov, V.L. A new FTIR-based technique in the polymorphic analysis of Nitrofural. J. Mol. Struct. 2021, 1233, Art. No: 130098. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130098

25. Calvo, N.L.; Kaufman, T.S.; Maggio, R.M. Mebendazole crystal forms in tablet formulations. An ATR-FTIR/chemometrics approach to polymorph assignment. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2016, 122, 157-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.035

26. Novais, Â; Gonçalves, A.B.; Ribeiro, T.G.; Freitas, A.R.; Méndez, G.; Mancera, L.; Read, A.; Alves, V.; López-Cerero, L.; Rodríguez-Baño, J.; Pascual, Á.; Peixe, L. Development and validation of a quick, automated, and reproducible ATR FT-IR spectroscopy machine-learning model for Klebsiella pneumoniae typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2024, 62(2), Art. No: e0121123. DOI: 10.1128/jcm.0121123

27. Williams, S.F.; Wan, H.; Chittock, J.; Brown, K.; Wigley, A.; Cork, M.J.; Danby, S.G. Characterization of skin barrier defects using infrared spectroscopy in patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2024, 49(5), 466–477. DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad416

28. Ha, T.; Hu, Y.; Kang, Y.; Du, Y. Stratified quantitative analysis of the penetration of active ingredients in the skin by infrared spectroscopic imaging. Talanta 2025, 291, Art. No: 127871. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127871

29. Tahay, P.; Parsa, Z.; Zamani, P.; Safari, N. A structural and optical study of curcumin and curcumin analogs. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2022, 19(7), 3177-3188. DOI: 10.3390/nano14121022

30. Filip, K.; Bańkowski, K.; Sidoryk, K.; Zagrodzka, J.; Łaszcz, M.; Trzcińska, K.; Maruszak, W. Physicochemical characterization of ezetimibe and its impurities. J. Mol. Struct. 2011, 991(1-3), 162-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.02.020

31. Galvin-King, P.; Haughey, S.A.; Elliott, C.T. Garlic adulteration detection using NIR and FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2021, 96, Art. No: 103757. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103757

32. Shannon, M.; Lafeuille, J.L.; Frégière-Salomon, A.; Lefevre, S.; Galvin-King, P.; Haughey, S.A.; Burns, D.T.; Shen, X.; Kapil, A.; McGrath, T.F.; Elliott, C.T. The detection and determination of adulterants in turmeric using fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled to chemometric analysis and micro-FTIR imaging. Food Control 2022, 139, Art. No: 109093. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109093

33. Martins, M.S.; Nascimento, M.H.; Barbosa, L.L.; Campos, L.C.; Singh, M.N.; Martin, F.L.; Romão, W.; Filgueiras, P.R., Barauna, V.G. Detection and quantification using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of whey protein concentrate adulteration with wheat flour. LWT 2022, 172, Art. No: 114161. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114161

34. de Paulo, E.H.; Rech, A.M.; Weiler, F.H.; Nascimento, M.H.; Filgueiras, P.R.; Ferrao, M.F. Evaluation of adulteration in soy-based beverages by water addition using chemometrics applied to ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Food Control 2024, 166, Art. No: 110746. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110746

35. Fatmarahmi, D.C.; Susidarti, R.A.; Swasono, R.T.; Rohman, A. A development method of FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for detection of synthetic drug adulterants of herbal products in quaternary mixture. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 191-201. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.120320

36. Foschi, M.; Tozzi, L.; Di Donato, F.; Biancolillo, A.; D’Archivio, A.A. A novel FTIR-based chemometric solution for the assessment of saffron adulteration with non-fresh stigmas. Molecules 2022, 28(1), Art. No: 33. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010033

37. Zahir, S.A.D.M.; Omar, A.F.; Jamlos, M.F.; Azmi, M.A.M.; Muncan, J. A review of visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy application in plant stress detection. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 2022, 338, Art. No: 113468. DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2022.113468

38. Sahoo, M.R.; Umashankara, M.S. FTIR based metabolomics profiling and fingerprinting of some medicinal plants: An attempt to develop an approach for quality control and standardization of herbal materials. Pharmacogn. Res. 2023, 15(1), 163-167. DOI: 10.5530/097484900288

39. Zhang, Y.C.; Deng, J.; Lin, X.L.; Li, Y.M.; Sheng, H.X.; Xia, B.H.; Lin, L.M. Use of ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for the variation of active components in different harvesting periods of Lonicera japonica. Int. J. Anal. Chem. 2022, 2022(1), Art. No: 8850914. DOI: 10.1155/2022/8850914

40. Rosa, S.S.; Barata, P.A.; Martins, J.M.; Menezes, J.C. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a process analytical technology tool in Ginkgo biloba extract qualification. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 47(2), 320-327. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.031

41. Michalak, O.; Łaszcz, M.; Jatczak, K.; Witkowska, A.; Bujak, I.; Groman, A.; Cybulski, M. New polymorphic forms of pemetrexed diacid and their use for the preparation of pharmaceutically pure amorphous and hemipentahydrate forms of pemetrexed disodium. Molecules 2015, 20(8), 13814-13829. DOI: 10.3390/molecules200813814

42. Hu, Y.; Erxleben, A.; Ryder, A.G.; McArdle, P. Quantitative analysis of sulfathiazole polymorphs in ternary mixtures by attenuated total reflectance infrared, near-infrared and Raman spectroscopy. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 53(3), 412-420. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.002

43. Garbacz, P.; Wesolowski, M. Benzodiazepines co-crystals screening using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy supported by differential scanning calorimetry. Spectrochim. Acta A 2020, 234, Art. No: 118242. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118242

44. Inoue, M.; Taniguchi, E.; Sano, J. Real-Time Total Content Uniformity Assessment of Solid Dosage Forms Using Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 2025, 97(11), 6111-6117. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c06733

45. van Haaren, C.; De Bock, M.; Kazarian, S.G. Advances in ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging for the Analysis of Tablet Dissolution and Drug Release. Molecules 2023, 28(12), Art. No: 4705. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124705

46. Kazarian, S.G.; Ewing, A.V. Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging to tablet dissolution and drug release. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2013, 10(9), 1207–1221. DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.801452

47. Tatavarti, A.S.; Fahmy, R.; Wu, H.; Hussain, A.S.; Marnane, W.; Bensley, D.; Hollenbeck, G.; Hoag, S.W. Assessment of NIR spectroscopy for nondestructive analysis of physical and chemical attributes of sulfamethazine bolus dosage forms. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005, 6, Art. No: 15(2005). DOI: 10.1208/pt060115

48. Gallignani, M.; Rondón, R.A.; Ovalles, J.F.; Brunetto, M.R. Transmission FTIR derivative spectroscopy for estimation of furosemide in raw material and tablet dosage form. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2014, 4(5), 376-383. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.06.013

49. Khanal, D.; Zhang, J.; Ke, W.R.; Banaszak Holl, M.M.; Chan, H.K. Bulk to nanometer-scale infrared spectroscopy of pharmaceutical dry powder aerosols. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92(12), 8323-8332. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00729

50. Khanal, D.; Kim, J.; Zhang, J.; Ke, W.R.; Banaszak Holl, M.M.; Chan, H.K. Optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy for nanochemical analysis of pharmaceutical dry powder aerosols. Int. J. Pharm. 2023, 632, Art. No: 122563. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122563

51. Kemper, M.S.; Magnuson, E.J.; Lowry, S.R.; McCarthy, W.J.; Aksornkoae, N.; Watts, D.C.; Johnson, J.R.; Shukla, A.J. Use of FT-NIR transmission spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of an active ingredient in a translucent pharmaceutical topical gel formulation. AAPS PharmSci 2001, 3, Art. No: 23(2001) DOI: 10.1208/ps030323

52. Ozawa, Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Ando, D.; Koide, T.; Fukami, T. Advanced formulation design for topical creams assisted with vibrational spectroscopic imaging. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2021, 69(3), 271-277. DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00979

53. Schlegel, L. B.; Schubert-Zsilavecz, M.; Abdel-Tawab, M. Quantification of active ingredients in semi-solid pharmaceutical formulations by near infrared spectroscopy. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2017, 142, 178-189. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.048

54. Akbari, S.; Jafari, F.; Hatami, H.; Kariznavi, E.; Garekani, H.A.; Sadeghi, F.; Nokhodchi, A. Preparation and characterization of diclofenac transdermal patch using ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol by electrospinning. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2024, 92, Art. No: 105359. DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105359

55. Krimm, S.; Bandekar, J. Vibrational spectroscopy and conformation of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. Adv. Protein Chem. 1986, 38, 181-364. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60528-8

56. Barth, A. Infrared spectroscopy of proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2007, 1767(9), 1073-1101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.06.004

57. Barth A, Zscherp C. What vibrations tell about proteins. Q. Rev. Biophys., 2002, 35(4), 369-430. DOI: 10.1017/S0033583502003815

58. Fabian, H.; Mäntele, W. Infrared spectroscopy of proteins. In Handbook of vibrational spectroscopy, Chalmers, J.M., Griffiths P.R., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 2006; Volume 5, pp. 3399-3425.

59. Kong, J.; Yu, S. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of protein secondary structures. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 2007, 39(8), 549-559. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00320.x

60. Yang, S.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, H.; Shi, H.; Dong, A.; Wang, L.; Yu, S. Progress in infrared spectroscopy as an efficient tool for predicting protein secondary structure. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022, 206, 175-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.104

61. Tumbic, G.W.; Hossan, M.Y.; Thielges, M.C. Protein dynamics by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2021, 14(1), 299-321. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-091009

62. Yu, X.; Cai, X.; Li, S.; Luo, L.; Wang, J.; Wang, M.; Zeng, L. Studies on the interactions of theaflavin-3, 3′-digallate with bovine serum albumin: Multi-spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking. Food Chem. 2022, 366, Art. No: 130422. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130422

63. King, J.T.; Kubarych, K.J. Site-specific coupling of hydration water and protein flexibility studied in solution with ultrafast 2D-IR spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134(45), 18705-18712. DOI: 10.1021/ja307401r

64. Kamerzell, T.J.; Esfandiary, R.; Joshi, S.B.; Middaugh, C.R.; Volkin, D.B. Protein–excipient interactions: Mechanisms and biophysical characterization applied to protein formulation development. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2011, 63(13), 1118-1159. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.07.006

65. Pojić, M.; Mastilović, J.; Majcen, N. The application of near infrared spectroscopy in wheat quality control. In Infrared Spectroscopy–Life and Biomedical Sciences; Theophanides, T.; Intech Publisher: Rijeka, Croatia, 2012; pp.167-184. DOI: 10.5772/34676

66. Cavalu, S.; Simon, V. Proteins adsorption to orthopaedic biomaterials: Vibrational spectroscopy evidence. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 2007, 9(11), 3297-3302.

67. Wharton, C.W. Infrared spectroscopy of enzyme reaction intermediates. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2000, 17(5), 447-453. DOI: 10.1039/B002066O

68. Khanolkar, A.; Pawale, P.; Thorat, V.; Patil, B.; Samanta, G. Near infrared spectroscopy for determination of moisture content in lyophilized formulation. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 2024, 32(1-2), 18-28. DOI: 10.1177/09670335241240309

Infrared spectroscopy applications in pharmacy

Matylda Grzelecka

Natalia Tyburc

Paweł Siudem

Katarzyna Paradowska

Abstract

Keywords:

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

Matylda Grzelecka

Natalia Tyburc

Paweł Siudem

Katarzyna Paradowska