STRATEGIE WALKI ZE ZJAWISKIEM OPORNOŚCI WIELOLEKOWEJ NOWOTWORÓW

Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska; Mirosław M. Szutowski

doi:10.56782/pps.86

Published : 2012-03-14

Vol. 10 No. 1 (2012)

STRATEGIES TO COMBAT MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF CANCER

Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska

Mirosław M. Szutowski

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.86

Abstract

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major impediment to the success of cancer chemotherapy. Significant progress in the understanding of MDR came with the identification of MDR P-glycoprotein and other transporters whose overexpression was observed in some types of cancer cells. In addition, the MDR phenomenon has also become associated with other mechanisms, such as inhibition of apoptosis of cancer cells. Several strategies of combating MDR are described here. However, their clinical success has been limited, largely due to efficacy and/or safety issues. These issues can be resolved by the use of nanotechnology. Nanoparticles have the potential to improve the therapeutic index of currently available drugs by increasing drug efficacy, reducing their toxicity, and helping to achieve a therapeutically relevant steady-state level of the drug over extended periods of time. Nanoparticles may also improve the solubility and stability of the drug.

Keywords:

ATP–binding cassette [ABC] transporters, P – glycoprotein, multidrug resistance, nanoparticles

Similar Articles

Agata Pisula, Agnieszka Sienicka, Agnieszka Dobrowolska-Redo, Joanna Kacperczyk-Bartnik, Ewa Romejko-Wolniewicz, PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer therapy , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2024)
Krzysztof Kubica, Aleksander Mazurek, VEMURAFENIB AS A SELECTIVE INHIBITOR OF THE SERINE/THREONINE-PROTEIN KINASE B-RAF, USED IN THE TREATMENT OF MELANOMA , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 14 No. 8 (2016)
Natalia Cichoń, Dominika Lach, Michał Bijak Bijak, Paulina Rzeźnicka, Joanna Saluk, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN ANTIPLATELET THERAPY IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES AND ISCHEMIC STROKE , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 14 No. 4 (2016)
Małgorzata Idzikowska, Marta Janczura, Tomasz Lepionka, Michał Madej, Edyta Mościcka, Justyna Pyzik, Paulina Siwek, Weronika Szubierajska, Dorota Skrajnowska, Andrzej Tokarz, NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD PRODUCTION – DEVELOPMENT, RISKS AND REGULATORY ASPECTS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 10 No. 4 (2012)
Mateusz Żaczko, Tomasz Lorenc, Wioletta Olejarz, Grażyna Nowicka, PERSPECTIVES OF THERAPEUTIC USE OF EXOSOMES IN THE MOST COMMON CANCERS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 17 No. 6 (2019)
Anna Bielenica, Jerzy Kossakowski, BINDING MODES OF LONG-CHAIN ARYLPIPERAZINES TO 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A AND 5-HT7 RECEPTORS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 8 No. 2 (2010)
Piotr Luliński, Dorota Maciejewska, SYNTHESIS OF DOPAMINE-IMPRINTED POLYMERS AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN TEMPLATE-MONOMERS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 6 No. 1 (2008)
Marta Szymańska, Andrzej Baranowski, Dariusz Płachta, A REVIEW OF THE MOST OFTEN USED MEDICINES IN THE TREATMENT OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 5 No. 1 (2007)
Saffalya Nayak, Pratima Kumari Sahu, Roma Rattan, Srikrushna Mahapatra, Debjyoti Mohapatra, Irisin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 3 (2024)

<< < 1 2

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

PDF (Język Polski)

Citation rules

Bamburowicz-Klimkowska, M., & Szutowski, M. M. (2012). STRATEGIES TO COMBAT MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF CANCER. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.86

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M., Bogucka U., Szutowski M.M. „Funkcje transporterów typu ABC”, Biuletyn Wydziału Farmaceutycznego WUM, 2011, 3, 34-40

Baguley B.C. „Novel strategies for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer”, BioDrugs, 2002, 16, 97-103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00063030-200216020-00003

Baguley B.C. „Multiple drug resistance mechanisms in cancer”, Molecular Biotechnology, 2010, 46, 308-316 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-010-9321-2

Nelson D.A., Tan T.T., Rabson A.B., Anderson D., Degenhardt K., White E. „Hypoxia and defective apoptosis drive genomic instability and tumorogenesis”, Genes & Development, 2004, 18(17), 2095-2107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1204904

Yague E., Arance A., Kubitza L., O’Hare M., Jat P., Ogilvie C.M. „Ability to acquire drug resistance arises early during the tumorigenesis process”, Cancer Research, 2007, 67(3), 1130–1137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2574

Tredan O., Galmarini C.M., Patel K., Tannock I.F. „Drug resistance and the solid tumor microenvironment”, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2007, 99(19), 1441–1454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm135

Maeda H., Fang J., Inutsuka T., Kitamoto Y. „Vascular permeability enhancement in solid tumor: various factors, mechanisms involved and its implications”, International Immunopharmacology, 2003, 3(3), 319–328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00271-0

Harris A.L. „Hypoxia – a key regulatory factor in tumour growth”, Nature Reviews, 2002, 2(1), 38–47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc704

Cairns R., Papandreou I., Denko N. „Overcoming physiologic barriers to cancer treatment by molecularly targeting the tumor microenvironment”, Molecular Cancer Research, 2006, 4(2), 61–70 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-06-0002

Kizaka-Kondoh S., Inoue M., Harada H., Hiraoka M. „Tumor hypoxia: a target for selective cancer therapy”, Cancer Science, 2003, 94(12), 1021–1028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01395.x

Guppy M. „The hypoxic core: a possible answer to the cancer paradox”, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2002, 299(4), 676–680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02710-9

Comerford K.M., Wallace T.J., Karhausen J., Louis N.A., Montalto S.P., Colgan S.P. „Hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent regulation of the multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene”, Cancer Research, 2002, 62(12), 3387–3394

Shannon A.M., Bouchier-Hayes D.J., Condron C.M., Toomey D. „Tumour hypoxia, chemotherapeutic resistance and hypoxiarelated therapies”, Cancer Treatment Reviews, 2003, 29(4), 297–307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7372(03)00003-3

Gillet J.P., Efferth T., Remacle J. „Chemotherapy-induced resistance by ATP-binding cassette transporter genes”, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2007, 1775(2), 237–262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.05.002

Chinn L.W., Kroetz D.L. „ABCB1 pharmacogenetics: progress, pitfalls, and promise” Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2007, 81(2), 265–269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100052

Gottesman M.M., Fojo T., Bates S.E. „Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP-dependent transporters”, Nature Reviews Cancer, 2002, 2(1), 48–58 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc706

Kimura Y., Morita S., Matsuo M., Ueda K. „Mechanism of multidrug recognition by MDR1/ABCB1”, Cancer Science, 2007, 98(9), 1303–1310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00538.x

Lemos C., Jansen G., Peters G.J. „Drug transporters: recent advances concerning BCRP and tyrosine kinase inhibitors”, British Journal of Cancer, 2008, 98(5), 857–862 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604213

Robey R.W., Polgar O., Deeken J., To K.W., Bates S.E. „ABCG2: determining its relevance in clinical drug resistance” Cancer Metastasis Reviews, 2007, 26(1), 39–57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-007-9042-6

Paterson J.K., Shukla S., Black C.M., Tachiwada T., Garfield S., Wincovitch S. „Human ABCB6 localizes to both the outer mitochondrial membrane and the plasma membrane” Biochemistry, 2007, 46(33), 9443–9452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bi700015m

Szakacs G., Paterson J.K., Ludwig J.A., Booth-Genthe C., Gottesman M.M. „Targeting multidrug resistance in cancer” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2006, 5(3), 219–34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1984

Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. „The hallmarks of cancer”, Cell, 2000, 100, 57–70 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9

Sharma S.V., Gajowniczek P., Way I.P., Lee, D.Y., Jiang J., Yuza Y. „A common signaling cascade may underlie ‘‘addiction’’ to the Src, BCR-ABL, and EGF receptor oncogenes”, Cancer Cell, 2006, 10, 425–435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2006.09.014

Olson J.M., Hallahan A. R. „p38 MAP kinase: A convergence point in cancer therapy”, Trends in Molecular Medicine, 2004, 10, 125–129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2004.01.007

Hollt V., Kouba M., Dietel M., Vogt G. „Stereoisomers of calcium antagonists which differ markedly in their potencies as calcium blockers are equally effective in modulating drug transport by Pglycoprotein”, Biochemical Pharmacology, 1992, 43, 2601–2608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(92)90149-D

Baer M.R. „Phase 3 study of the multidrug resistance modulator PSC-833 in previously untreated patients 60 years of age and older with acute myeloid leukemia: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9720”, Blood, 2002, 100, 1224–1232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V100.4.1224.h81602001224_1224_1232

Kolitz J.E. „Dose escalation studies of cytarabine, daunorubicin, and etoposide with and without multidrug resistance modulation with PSC-833 in untreated adults with acute myeloid leukemia younger than 60 years: final induction results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9621”, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004, 22, 4290–4301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.11.106

Guns E.S., Denyssevych T., Dixon R., Bally M.B., Mayer, L. „Drug interaction studies between paclitaxel (Taxol) and OC144-093 – a new modulator of MDR in cancer chemotherapy”, European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 2002,27, 119–126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03190426

Stewart A. „Phase I trial of XR9576 in healthy volunteers demonstrates modulation of P-glycoprotein in CD56+ lymphocytes after oral and intravenous administration”, Clinical Cancer Research, 6, 2000, 4186–4191

Minderman H., O’Loughlin K.L., Pendyala L., Baer M.R. „VX-710 (biricodar) increases drug retention and enhances chemosensitivity in resistant cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein, and breast cancer resistance protein”, Clinical Cancer Research, 2004, 10, 1826–1834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0914-3

Dantzig A.H., de Alwis D.P., Burgess M. „Considerations in the design and development of transport inhibitors as adjuncts to drug therapy”, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2003, 55, 133–150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00175-8

Loo T.W., Clarke D.M. „Blockage of drug resistance in vitro by disulfiram, a drug used to treat alcoholism”, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2000, 92, 898–902 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.11.898

Zhou S., Lim L.Y., Chowbay B. „Herbal modulation of P-glycoprotein”, Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2004, 36, 57–104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1081/DMR-120028427

Foster B.A., Coffey H.A., Morin M.J., Rastinejad, F. „Pharmacological rescue of mutant p53 conformation and function”, Science, 1999, 286, 2507–2510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5449.2507

Sebolt-Leopold J.S. „MEK inhibitors: A therapeutic approach to targeting the Ras-MAP kinase pathway in tumors” Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2004, 10, 1907–1914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612043384439

Serra V., Markman B., Scaltriti M., Eichhorn P.J., Valero V., Guzman M. „NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, prevents PI3K signaling and inhibits the growth of cancer cells with activating PI3K mutations” Cancer Research, 2008, 68, 8022–8030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1385

Nguyen M., Marcellus R.C., Roulston A., Watson M., Serfass L., Murthy Madiraju S.R. „Small molecule obatoclax (GX15-070) antagonizes MCL-1 and overcomes MCL-1- mediated resistance to apoptosis”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, 104, 19512–19517 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709443104

Nakanishi C., Toi M. „Nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitors as sensitizers to anticancer drugs”, Nature Reviews Cancer, 2005, 5, 297–309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1588

Cleary J.M., Shapiro G.I. „Development of phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway inhibitors for advanced cancer”, Current Oncology Reports, 2010, 12, 87–94 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-010-0091-6

Sharom F.J. „Interaction of the P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter (MDR1) with high affinity peptide chemosensitizers in isolated membranes, reconstituted systems, and intact cells”, Biochemical Pharmacology, 1999, 58, 571–586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00139-2

Tarasova N.I. „Transmembrane inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, an ABC transporter” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2005, 48, 3768–3775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jm049065t

Pawlak-Roblin C. „Inhibition of multidrug resistance by immunisation with synthetic Pglycoprotein- derived peptides”, European Journal of Cancer, 2004, 40, 606–613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2003.11.019

Scotto K.W. „Transcriptional regulation of ABC drug transporters”, Oncogene, 2003, 22, 7496–7511 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206950

Bartsevich V.V., Juliano R.L. „Regulation of the MDR1 gene by transcriptional repressors selected using peptide combinatorial libraries” Molecular Pharmacology, 2000, 58, 1–10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.58.1.1

Izquierdo M. „Short interfering RNAs as a tool for cancer gene therapy”, Cancer Gene Therapy, 2005, 12, 217-227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7700791

Ee P.L., He X., Ross D.D., Beck W.T. „Modulation of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) gene expression using RNA interference” Molecular Cancer Therapy 2004, 3, 1577-1583 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.1577.3.12

Pichler A., Zelcer N., Prior J.L., Kuil A.J., Piwnica-Worms D. „In vivo RNA interference-mediated ablation of MDR1 P-glycoprotein”, Clinical Cancer Research, 2005, 11, 4487–4494 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0038

Kellen J.A. „The reversal of multidrug resistance: an update”, Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology, 2003, 3, 5–13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1359-4117.2003.01067.x

Shionoya M, Jimbo T, Kitagawa M, Soga T, Tohgo A. „DJ-927, a novel oral taxane, overcomes Pglycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo”, Cancer Science, 2003, 94(5), 459–466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01465.x

Rose W.C., Fairchild C., Lee F.Y. „Preclinical antitumor activity of two novel taxanes”, Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 2001, 47(2), 97–105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002800000241

Kurata T., Shimada Y., Tamura T. „Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a new taxoid, RPR 109881a, given as a 1-hour intravenous infusion in patients with advanced solid tumors”, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2000, 18(17), 3164–3171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.17.3164

Perego P. „A novel 7-modified camptothecin analog overcomes breast cancer resistance proteinassociated resistance in a mitoxantrone-selected colon carcinoma cell line”, Cancer Research, 2001, 61, 6034–6037

Polizzi D., Pratesi G., Monestiroli S. „Oral efficacy and bioavailability of a novel taxane”, Clinical Cancer Research, 2000, 6(5), 2070–2074

Byrne J.L. „Early allogeneic transplantation for refractory or relapsed acute leukaemia following remission induction with FLAG”, Leukemia, 1999, 13, 786–791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2401406

Vail D.M. „Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: proof of principle using preclinical animal models and pharmacokinetic studies”, Seminars in Oncology, 2004, 31, 16–35 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2004.08.002

Krishna R., St-Louis M., Mayer L.D. „Increased intracellular drug accumulation and complete chemosensitization achieved in multidrug-resistant solid tumors by co-administering valspodar (PSC 833) with sterically stabilized liposomal doxorubicin”, International Journal of Cancer, 2000, 85, 131–141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000101)85:1<131::AID-IJC23>3.0.CO;2-R

Fracasso P.M. „Phase I study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and the multidrug-resistance modulator, valspodar”, British Journal of Cancer, 2005, 93, 46–53 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6602653

Blagosklonny M.V. „How cancer could be cured by 2015”, Cell Cycle, 2005, 4, 269–278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.4.2.1493

Lissianskaya A., Gershanovich M., Ognerubov N., Golubeva O., Pratt J. „Paclitaxel injectable emulsion: Phase 2a study of weekly administration in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer”, Proc American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2004, 22:5047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.5047

Annereau J.P. „Analysis of ATP-binding cassette transporter expression in drug-selected cell lines by a microarray dedicated to multidrug resistance”, Moleculer Pharmacology, 2004, 66, 1397–1405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.104.005009

Warr J R., Quinn D., Elend M., Fenton J.A. „Gain and loss of hypersensitivity to resistance modifiers in multidrug resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells” Cancer Letters, 1995, 98, 115–120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(06)80019-4

Trompier D. „Verapamil and its derivative trigger apoptosis through glutathione extrusion by multidrug resistance protein MRP1”, Cancer Research, 2004, 64, 4950–4956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0143

Bell S.E., Quinn D.M., Kellett G.L. Warr, J.R. „2-Deoxy-D-glucose preferentially kills multidrug-resistant human KB carcinoma cell lines by apoptosis”, British Journal of Cancer, 1998, 78, 1464–1470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1998.708

Johnstone R.W., Ruefli A.A., Smyth M.J. „Multiple physiological functions for multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein?”, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 2000, 25, 1–6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01493-0

Turzanski J., Grundy M., Shang S., Russell N., Pallis, M. „P-glycoprotein is implicated in the inhibition of ceramide-induced apoptosis in TF-1 acute myeloid leukemia cells by modulation of the glucosylceramide synthase pathway”, Experimental Hematology, 2005, 33, 62–72 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2004.10.005

Kontermann R.E. „Immunoliposomes for cancer therapy”, Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics, 2006, 8, 39–45

Stolnik S., Dunn S.E., Garnett M.C. „Surface modification of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanospheres by biodegradable poly(lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers”, Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1800–1808

Peracchia M.T., Fattal E., Desmaele D. „Stealth PEGylated polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles for intravenous administration and splenic targeting”, Journal of Controlled Release, 1999, 60, 121–128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00063-2

Calvo P., Gouritin B., Chacun H. „Long-circulating PEGylated polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles as new drug carrier for brain delivery”, Pharmaceutical Research, 2001, 18, 1157–1166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010931127745

Koo O.M., Rubinstein I., Onyuksel H. „Camptothecin in sterically stabilized phospholipid nanomicelles: a novel solvent pH change solubilization method”, Journal for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006, 6, 2996– 3000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.460

Lu J., Liong M., Zink J.I., Tamanoi F. „Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a delivery system for hydrophobic anticancer drugs”, Small, 2007, 3, 1341–1346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700005

Liang X., Chen C., Zhao Y., Wang P.C. „Circumventing Tumor Resistance to Chemotherapy by Nanotechnology”, Methods in Molecular Biology, 2010, 596, 467-488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-416-6_21

Wartlick H., Spankuch-Schmitt B., Strebhardt K., Kreuter J., Langer K. „Tumour cell delivery of antisense oligonuclceotides by human serum albumin nanoparticles”, Journal of Control Release, 2004, 96, 483–495 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.01.029

Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska

Affiliation:

Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny Poland

Mirosław M. Szutowski

Affiliation:

Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny Poland

STRATEGIES TO COMBAT MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF CANCER

Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska

Mirosław M. Szutowski

Abstract

Keywords:

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska

Mirosław M. Szutowski