Snell EE, Strong FM, Peterson WH. Growth factors for bacteria:Fractionation and properties of an accessory factor for lactic acidbacteria. Biochem J. 1937, 31(10), 1789-1799.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0311789
Reed LJ, De BB, Gunsalus IC, Hornberger CS, Jr. Crystalline alphalipoic acid; a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase. Science. 1951, 114(2952), 93-94.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.114.2952.93
Stroud RM, Kay LM, Dickerson RE. The crystal and molecular structure of DIP-inhibited bovine trypsin at2.7Angstrom resolution. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1972, 36, 125-140.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/SQB.1972.036.01.018
Szelag M, Mikulski D, Molski M. Quantum-chemical investigation of the structure and the antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid and its metabolites. J Mol Model. 2012, 18(7), 2907-2916.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-011-1306-y
Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition. 2001, 17(10), 888-895.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00658-X
Golbidi S, Badran M, Laher I. Diabetes and alpha lipoic Acid. Front Pharmacol. 2011, 2, 69.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2011.00069
Ghibu S, Richard C, Vergely C, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Rochette L. Antioxidant properties of an endogenous thiol: Alpha-lipoic acid, useful in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009, 54(5), 391-398.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181be7554
Padmalayam I, Hasham S, Saxena U, Pillarisetti S. Lipoic acid synthase (LASY): a novel role in inflammation, mitochondrial function, and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2009, 58(3), 600-608.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-0473
Lodge JK, Youn H-D, Handelman GJ, Konishi T, Matsugo S, Mathur VV, Packer L. Natural sources of lipoic acid: determination of lipoyllysine released from protease-digested tissues by high performance liquid chromatography incorporating electrochemical detection. J Appl Nutr. 1997, 49, 3-11.
Segall A, Sosa M, Alami A, Enero C, Hormaechea F, Pizzorno MT, Bregni C, Serrao R. Stability study of lipoic acid in the presence of vitamins A and E in o/w emulsions for cosmetic application. J Cosmet Sci. 2004, 55(5), 449-461.
Montezano AC, Burger D, Ceravolo GS, Yusuf H, Montero M, Touyz RM. Novel Nox homologues in the vasculature: focusing on Nox4 and Nox5. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011, 120(4), 131-141.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20100384
Shen D, Tian L, Shen T, Sun H, Liu P. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Protects Human Aortic Endothelial Cells Against H2O2-Induced Injury and Inhibits Atherosclerosis in Ovariectomized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knock-Out Mice. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018, 47(6), 2261- 2277.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000491537
Li L, Smith A, Hagen TM, Frei B. Vascular oxidative stress and inflammation increase with age: ameliorating effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010, 1203, 151-159.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05555.x
Forstermann U. Nitric oxide and oxidative stress in vascular disease. Pflugers Arch. 2010, 459(6), 923-939.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-010-0808-2
Zou H, Wang H, Liu T, Li X, Zhu X, Wang Z. Protective role of alpha-lipoic acid in hyperuricemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. Exp Ther Med. 2017, 13(6), 3047-3054.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4345
Wollin SD, Jones PJ. Alpha-lipoic acid and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 2003, 133(11), 3327-3330.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3327
Yi X, Maeda N. alpha-Lipoic acid prevents the increase in atherosclerosis induced by diabetes in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed high-fat/low-cholesterol diet. Diabetes. 2006, 55(8), 2238-2244.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0251
Zulkhairi A, Zaiton Z, Jamaluddin M, Sharida F, Mohd TH, Hasnah B, Nazmi HM, Khairul O, Zanariyah A. Alpha lipoic acid possess dual antioxidant and lipid lowering properties in atherosclerotic-induced New Zealand White rabbit. Biomed Pharmacother. 2008, 62(10), 716-722.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2006.12.003
Zhang WJ, Bird KE, McMillen TS, LeBoeuf RC, Hagen TM, Frei B. Dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation inhibits atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein E-deficient and apolipoprotein E/low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Circulation. 2008, 117(3), 421-428.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.725275
Zhang WJ, Frei B. Alpha-lipoic acid inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation and adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells. FASEB J. 2001, 15(13), 2423-2432.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0260com
Skibska B, Goraca A. The protective effect of lipoic acid on selected cardiovascular diseases caused by age-related oxidative stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015, 2015, 313021.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/313021
Rudijanto A. The role of vascular smooth muscle cells on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Acta Med Indones. 2007, 39(2), 86-93.
Lee WR, Kim A, Kim KS, Park YY, Park JH, Kim KH, Kim SJ, Park KK. Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates atherosclerotic lesions and inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through targeting of the Ras/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep. 2012, 39(6), 6857-6866.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-1511-5
Kim HJ, Park KG, Yoo EK, Kim YH, Kim YN, Kim HS, Kim HT, Park JY, Lee KU, Jang WG, Kim JG, Kim BW, Lee IK. Effects of PGC1alpha on TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 and VCAM-1 expression and NFkappaB activation in human aortic smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007, 9(3), 301-307.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2006.1456
Park KG, Min AK, Koh EH, Kim HS, Kim MO, Park HS, Kim YD, Yoon TS, Jang BK, Hwang JS, Kim JB, Choi HS, Park JY, Lee IK, Lee KU. Alpha-lipoic acid decreases hepatic lipogenesis through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. Hepatology. 2008, 48(5), 1477-1486.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22496
Gupta SC, Sundaram C, Reuter S, Aggarwal BB. Inhibiting NFkappaB activation by small molecules as a therapeutic strategy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010, 1799(10-12), 775-787.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.05.004
Kim SR, Bae YH, Bae SK, Choi KS, Yoon KH, Koo TH, Jang HO, Yun I, Kim KW, Kwon YG, Yoo MA, Bae MK. Visfatin enhances ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression through ROS-dependent NF-kappaB activation in endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008, 1783(5), 886-895.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.004
Tang C, Xue HL, Bai CL, Fu R. Regulation of adhesion molecules expression in TNF-alpha-stimulated brain microvascular endothelial cells by tanshinone IIA: involvement of NF-kappaB and ROS generation. Phytother Res. 2011, 25(3), 376-380.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3278
Roman-Pintos LM, Villegas-Rivera G, Rodriguez-Carrizalez AD, Miranda-Diaz AG, Cardona-Munoz EG. Diabetic Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function. J Diabetes Res. 2016, 2016, 3425617.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3425617
Serasanambati M, Chilakapati SR. Function of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in human diseases-a review. SIJBS. 2016, 2(4), 368-387. creasing oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002, 99(4), 1870-1875.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22205/sijbs/2016/v2/i4/103443
Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Wehr CM, Lykkesfeldt J, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Song MH, Ames BN. Acetyl-L-carnitine fed to old rats partially restores mitochondrial function and ambulatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95(16), 9562-9566.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9562
Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Lykkesfeldt J, Liu J, Wehr CM, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames AB. (R)-alpha-lipoic acid-supplemented old rats have improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative damage, and increased metabolic rate. FASEB J. 1999, 13(2), 411- 418.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.13.2.411
Rauchova H, Dobesova Z, Drahota Z, Zicha J, Kunes J. The effect of chronic L-carnitine treatment on blood pressure and plasma lipids in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998, 342(2-3), 235-239.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01505-7
Shay KP, Moreau RF, Smith EJ, Smith AR, Hagen TM. Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009, 1790(10), 1149-1160.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.026
Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, Bast A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol. 1997, 29(3), 315-331.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00474-0
Bustamante J, Lodge JK, Marcocci L, Tritschler HJ, Packer L, Rihn BH. Alpha-lipoic acid in liver metabolism and disease. Free RadicBiol Med. 1998, 24(6), 1023-1039.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00371-7
Schupke H, Hempel R, Peter G, Hermann R, Wessel K, Engel J, Kronbach T. New metabolic pathways of alpha-lipoic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001, 29(6), 855-862.
Tibullo D, Li Volti G, Giallongo C, Grasso S, Tomassoni D, Anfuso CD, Lupo G, Amenta F, Avola R, Bramanti V. Biochemical and clinical relevance of alpha lipoic acid: antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity, molecular pathways and therapeutic potential. Inflamm Res. 2017, 66(11), 947-959.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-017-1079-6
Li CJ, Lv L, Li H, Yu DM. Cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy are ameliorated by alpha-lipoic acid. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012, 11, 73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-11-73
Malinska D, Winiarska K. [Lipoic acid: characteristics and therapeutic application]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2005, 59, 535-543.
Bast A, Haenen GR. Lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant. Biofactors. 2003, 17(1-4), 207-213.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520170120
Smith AR, Shenvi SV, Widlansky M, Suh JH, Hagen TM. Lipoic acid as a potential therapy for chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem. 2004, 11(9), 1135-1146.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867043365387
Suh JH, Moreau R, Heath SH, Hagen TM. Dietary supplementation with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid reverses the age-related accumulation of iron and depletion of antioxidants in the rat cerebral cortex. Redox Rep. 2005, 10(1), 52-60.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/135100005X21624
Patrick L. Mercury toxicity and antioxidants: Part 1: role of glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of mercury toxicity. Altern Med Rev. 2002, 7(6), 456-471.
Galkina E, Ley K. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis (*). Annu Rev Immunol. 2009, 27, 165-197.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132620
Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK, Leducq Transatlantic Network on A. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54(23), 2129-2138.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.009
Nicholls SJ. Relationship between LDL, HDL, blood pressure and atheroma progression in the coronaries. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009, 20(6), 491-496.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e32832ec396
Maher J, Yamamoto M. The rise of antioxidant signaling--the evolution and hormetic actions of Nrf2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010, 244(1), 4-15.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2010.01.011
Rideout TC, Carrier B, Wen S, Raslawsky A, Browne RW, Harding SV. Complementary Cholesterol-Lowering Response of a Phytosterol/alpha-Lipoic Acid Combination in Obese Zucker Rats. J Diet Suppl. 2016, 13(3), 283-299.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2015.1008616
Kim DC, Jun DW, Jang EC, Kim SH, Kim EK, Lee SP, Lee KN, Lee HL, Lee OY, Yoon BC, Choi HS. Lipoic Acid prevents the changes of intracellular lipid partitioning by free Fatty Acid. Gut Liver. 2013, 7(2), 221-227.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2013.7.2.221
Catapano AL, Maggi FM, Tragni E. Low density lipoprotein oxidation, antioxidants, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2000, 15(5), 355-363.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00001573-200009000-00008
Zhang Y, Han P, Wu N, He B, Lu Y, Li S, Liu Y, Zhao S, Liu L, Li Y. Amelioration of lipid abnormalities by alpha-lipoic acid through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011, 19(8), 1647-1653.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.121
Ying Z, Kherada N, Farrar B, Kampfrath T, Chung Y, Simonetti O, Deiuliis J, Desikan R, Khan B, Villamena F, Sun Q, Parthasarathy S, Rajagopalan S. Lipoic acid effects on established atherosclerosis. Life Sci. 2010, 86(3-4), 95-102.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2009.11.009
Harding SV, Rideout TC, Jones PJ. Evidence for using alpha-lipoic acid in reducing lipoprotein and inflammatory related atherosclerotic risk. J Diet Suppl. 2012, 9(2), 116-127.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2012.683136
Ramyaa P, Padma VV. Ochratoxin-induced toxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis ameliorated by quercetin--modulation by Nrf2. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013, 62, 205-216.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.048
Ying Z, Kampfrath T, Sun Q, Parthasarathy S, Rajagopalan S. Evidence that alpha-lipoic acid inhibits NF-kappaB activation independent of its antioxidant function. Inflamm Res. 2011, 60(3), 219-225.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-010-0256-7
Moura FA, de Andrade KQ, dos Santos JC, Goulart MO. Lipoic Acid: its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role and clinical applications. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015, 15(5), 458-483.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150114161358
Koriyama Y, Nakayama Y, Matsugo S, Kato S. Protective effect of lipoic acid against oxidative stress is mediated by Keap1/Nrf2-dependent heme oxygenase-1 induction in the RGC-5 cellline. Brain Res. 2013, 1499, 145-157.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.12.041
McNeilly AM, Davison GW, Murphy MH, Nadeem N, Trinick T, Duly E, Novials A, McEneny J. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and exercise training on cardiovascular disease risk in obesity with impaired glucose tolerance. Lipids Health Dis. 2011, 10, 217.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-10-217
Deng C, Sun Z, Tong G, Yi W, Ma L, Zhao B, Cheng L, Zhang J, Cao F, Yi D. alpha-Lipoic acid reduces infarct size and preserves cardiac function in rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. PLoS One. 2013, 8(3), e58371.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058371
Kris-Etherton PM, Lichtenstein AH, Howard BV, Steinberg D, Witztum JL, Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition PA, Metabolism. Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2004, 110(5), 637-641.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000137822.39831.F1
Ong SL, Vohra H, Zhang Y, Sutton M, Whitworth JA. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on mitochondrial superoxide and glucocorticoidinduced hypertension. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013, 2013, 517045.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/517045
Wray DW, Nishiyama SK, Harris RA, Zhao J, McDaniel J, Fjeldstad AS, Witman MA, Ives SJ, Barrett-O'Keefe Z, Richardson RS. Acute reversal of endothelial dysfunction in the elderly after antioxidant consumption. Hypertension. 2012, 59(4), 818-824.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189456
Wang Y, Dong W, Ding X, Wang F, Wang Y, Chen X, Yu L, Li X, Zhang A, Peng Y. Protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid on islet cells co-cultured with 3T3L1 adipocytes. Exp Ther Med. 2012, 4(3), 469- 474.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2012.601
Vasdev S, Stuckless J, Richardson V. Role of the immune system in hypertension: modulation by dietary antioxidants. Int J Angiol. 2011, 20(4), 189-212.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1288941
de Queiroz TM, Xia H, Filipeanu CM, Braga VA, Lazartigues E. alpha-Lipoic acid reduces neurogenic hypertension by blunting oxidative stress-mediated increase in ADAM17. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015, 309(5), H926-934.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00259.2015
Mohammadi V, Khalili M, Eghtesadi S, Dehghani S, Jazayeri S, Aghababaee SK, Sabour H, Saberi H, Eghtesadi M, Gohari MR. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in men with chronic spinal cord injury: a clinical trial. Spinal Cord. 2015, 53(8), 621-624.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2015.35
Mohammadi V, Dehghani S, Askari G. Does Alpha-lipoic Acid Supplement Regulate Blood Pressure? A Systematic Review of Randomized, Double-blind Placebo-controlled Clinical Trials. Int J Prev Med. 2017, 8, 33.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.206138
Huang YP, Jin HY, Yu HP. Inhibitory effects of alpha-lipoic acid on oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats with salt-induced hypertension. Int J Mol Med. 2017, 39(2), 430-436.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2846
Gomes MB, Negrato CA. Alpha-lipoic acid as a pleiotropic compound with potential therapeutic use in diabetes and other chronic diseases. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2014, 6(1), 80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-6-80
Takaoka M, Kobayashi Y, Yuba M, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001, 424(2), 121-129.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01120-7
Tromba L, Perla FM, Carbotta G, Chiesa C, Pacifico L. Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight/Obese Youths: A DoubleBlind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. Nutrients. 2019, 11(2).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020375
McMackin CJ, Widlansky ME, Hamburg NM, Huang AL, Weller S, Holbrook M, Gokce N, Hagen TM, Keaney JF, Jr., Vita JA. Effect of combined treatment with alpha-Lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine on vascular function and blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007, 9(4), 249-255.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.06052.x
Hagen TM, Liu J, Lykkesfeldt J, Wehr CM, Ingersoll RT, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames BN. Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while de-75. Vasdev S, Gill V, Parai S, Gadag V. Dietary lipoic acid supplementation attenuates hypertension in Dahl salt sensitive rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005, 275(1-2), 135-141.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-005-1095-7
Liu J, Head E, Gharib AM, Yuan W, Ingersoll RT, Hagen TM, Cotman CW, Ames BN. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A. 2002, 99(4), 2356-2361.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.261709299
Liu J, Killilea DW, Ames BN. Age-associated mitochondrial oxidative decay: improvement of carnitine acetyltransferase substratebinding affinity and activity in brain by feeding old rats acetyl-Lcarnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
, 99(4), 1876-1881.