Nifedipine's Synergistic Therapeutic Potential: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Novel Applications in Pharmacotherapy

Muneeb Ur Rahman; Hafiz Rashid  Hussain; Habiba Akram; Faisal Gulzar; Muhammad Nouman; Hassan Farooq; Arslan Ashfaq; Zaha Kalsoom

doi:10.56782/pps.344

Published : 2025-06-30

Vol. 23 No. 2 (2025)

Nifedipine's Synergistic Therapeutic Potential: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Novel Applications in Pharmacotherapy

Muneeb Ur Rahman

Hafiz Rashid Hussain

Habiba Akram

Faisal Gulzar

Muhammad Nouman

Hassan Farooq

Arslan Ashfaq

Zaha Kalsoom

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.344

Abstract

Nifedipine (NIFE) is a potent first-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that belongs to the BCS-II drug. It inhibits calcium entry through L-type channels and disrupts the Ca-calmodulin complex, which ultimately blocks myosin light chain kinase activation, resulting in vasodilation, reduction in blood pressure, and negative chronotropic effect, thus slowing the heart rate. NIFE was used in the treatment of hypertension and angina. However, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic profile, mechanism of action, and therapeutic efficacy explain the widespread use of medication in various medical conditions. With a primary focus on its calcium channel-blocking properties, NIFE has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in addressing classical vasospastic disorders, such as Raynaud's phenomenon, by modulating vascular function and reducing the episodes of digital ischemia. NIFE has been proven beneficial in ureteral stones by increasing their passage rates and in migraine by producing vasodilation. NIFE exhibits therapeutic effects by inhibiting proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer through reactivating tumour immunity. Similarly, it has great potential in obstetrics, as it effectively manages preterm labor by delaying the delivery and optimizing fetal conditions. Moreover, its applications can expand into evolving domains, such as achalasia, glaucoma, and chilblains, and potentially as an effective intervention against COVID-19.

Keywords:

Ca Channel Blocker, Nifedipine, Colorectal Cancer, Migraine Therapy, Raynaud Phenomenon

Similar Articles

Michał Dacka, Mateusz Sobczyk , Paulina Dąbrowska , Kamila Giżewska , Michał Żuber , Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist in acute and preventive treatment of migraine , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 3 (2024)
Ewelina Flegiel, Magdalena Piotrowska, Magdalena Ptasznik, Aleksandra Baran, Justyna Lenart, Miłosz Podrażka, Joanna Mazurek, Hubert Stachowicz, Weronika Bartos, Monika Adamczyk, Review of the effects of sodium butyrate on obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, pregnancy and colorectal cancer , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 4 (2024)
Mateusz Żaczko, Tomasz Lorenc, Wioletta Olejarz, Grażyna Nowicka, PERSPECTIVES OF THERAPEUTIC USE OF EXOSOMES IN THE MOST COMMON CANCERS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 17 No. 6 (2019)
Agata Pisula, Agnieszka Sienicka, Agnieszka Dobrowolska-Redo, Joanna Kacperczyk-Bartnik, Ewa Romejko-Wolniewicz, PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer therapy , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2024)
Magdalena Wojtczuk, Agnieszka Dominiak, Carnosic Acid in Carcinogenesis: From Theory to Practice , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025)
Teresa Żołek, Aleksandra Trzeciak, THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF INDOLE-3-CARBINOL AND 3,3´-DIINDOLYLMETHANE IN CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 15 No. 2 (2017)
Natalia Cichoń, Dominika Lach, Michał Bijak Bijak, Paulina Rzeźnicka, Joanna Saluk, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN ANTIPLATELET THERAPY IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES AND ISCHEMIC STROKE , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 14 No. 4 (2016)
Paulina Oleksa, Daria Żuraw, Kacper Jasiński, Mateusz Sobczyk, Mikołaj Porzak, Alicja Sodolska, Karolina Haczkur-Pawłowska, Drugs and other chemical substances inducing diabetes – review of the literature , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 2 (2024)
Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska, Mirosław M. Szutowski, STRATEGIES TO COMBAT MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF CANCER , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 10 No. 1 (2012)
Paweł Żero, Maria Niemyjska, Magdalena Rasztawicka, Dorota Maciejewska, BREAST CANCER DISEASE AND NEW COMPOUNDS WITH ANTICANCER ACTIVITY , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 2 (2005)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 > >>

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

PDF

Citation rules

Ur Rahman, M., Hussain, H. R., Akram, H., Gulzar, F., Nouman, M., Farooq, H., … Kalsoom, Z. (2025). Nifedipine’s Synergistic Therapeutic Potential: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Novel Applications in Pharmacotherapy. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.344

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

1. Gajendran, J.; Krämer, J.; Shah, V. P.; Langguth, P.; Polli, J.; Mehta, M.; Groot, D. W.; Cristofoletti, R.; Abrahamsson, B.; Dressman, J. B. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Nifedipine. J. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 104(10), 3289–3298. DOI: 10.1002/JPS.24560.

2. Thadani, U. Nifedipine. In: Enna, S.J.; Bylund, D.B., editors. xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007. p. 1–6. DOI: 10.1016/B978-008055232-3.62280-9

3. Chatterjee, A., Abdulla, S.M., G, N., Shrivastava, B. Nifedipine oral disintegration tablet: Design, optimization, invivo-pharmacokinetic and stability studies. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 11(4), 6668–6675. DOI: 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4857

4. Aguiar, T.; Martins, E. Mavacamten, a Novel Revolutionizing Therapy in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: A Literature Review. Rev. Port. Cardiol. 2022, 41(8), 693–703. DOI: 10.1016/J.REPC.2021.09.013.

5. Wang Y, Jiang Y, Zhou Y, He H, Tang J, Luo A, Liu Z, Ma C, Xiao Q, Guan T, Dai C. Cocrystal prediction of nifedipine based on the graph neural network and molecular electrostatic potential surface. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024, 25(5), Art. No: 116. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02846-2

6. Ojha, U.; Ruddaraju, S.; Sabapathy, N.; Ravindran, V.; Worapongsatitaya, P.; Haq, J.; Mohammed, R.; Patel, V. Current and Emerging Classes of Pharmacological Agents for the Management of Hypertension. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2021, 22 (3), 271–285. DOI: 10.1007/S40256-021-00510-9.

7. Amit Kumar, Dinesh Kumar, Pooja Rani. Propranolol and nifedipine efficacy against hypertension. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science (ICBioMed 2022); 2022; Oxford, United Kingdom. Proc. SPIE 2023, 12611, 1261163. DOI: 10.1117/12.2669574

8. Taira, N. Nifedipine: A Novel Vasodilator. Drugs 2006, 66(Spec. No. 1), 1–3. DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200666991-00002

9. Ali, M. Z.; Mehmood, M. H.; Saleem, M.; Akash, M. S. H.; Malik, A. Pharmacological Evaluation of Euphorbia Hirta, Fagonia Indica and Capparis Decidua in Hypertension through in-Vivo and in Vitro-Assays. Heliyon 2021, 7 (10), Art. No: e08094. DOI: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2021.E08094.

10. Mavani, S.; Abraham, M. A.; Conjeevaram, A.; Singh, S.; Revandkar, V.; Birla, A. Nicardia® XL (Nifedipine Extended Release): Technologically Advanced GITS Formulation Ensures Robust Efficacy and Assured Safety. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 2022, 12(4-S), 143–150. DOI: 10.22270/jddt.v12i4-s.5483

11. Eberman, L.E. Drugs for treating hypertension and heart disease. In: Harden, R.M.; Clear, M.; eds. Principles of Pharmacology for Athletic Trainers. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge; 2024. p. 211. DOI: 10.4324/9781003525936-12

12. Hermida, A. P.; Mohsin, M.; Marques Pinheiro, A. P.; McCord, E.; Lisko, J. C.; Head, L. W. The Cardiovascular Side Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Their Management. J. ECT 2022, 38 (1), 2–9. DOI: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000802

13. Engin, A. Protein Kinases in Obesity, and the Kinase-Targeted Therapy. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2024, 1460, 199–229. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_7

14. Sarker, S.; Rafe, Md. R. Formulation Development of Nifedipine through Nanotechnology: A Comprehensive Review. Pharm. Nanotechnol. 2021, 9(4), 262–270. DOI: 10.2174/2211738509666210707162155

15. Adepu, S.; Ramakrishna, S. Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Current Status and Future Directions. Molecules 2021, 26 (19), Art. No: 5905. DOI: 10.3390/MOLECULES26195905

16. Liu, X.; Wang, W.; Chen, J.; Chen, D.; Tao, Y.; Ouyang, D. PBPK/PD Modeling of Nifedipine for Precision Medicine in Pregnant Women: Enhancing Clinical Decision-Making for Optimal Drug Therapy. Pharm. Res. 2024, 41(1), 63–75. DOI: 10.1007/S11095-023-03638-2

17. Wang, H. J.; Tan, E. C. H.; Chiang, T. Y.; Chen, W. C.; Shen, C. C.; Ueng, Y. F. Effect of Repeated Shengmai-San Administration on Nifedipine Pharmacokinetics and the Risk/Benefit under Co-Treatment. J. Food Drug Anal. 2022, 30(1), 111–127. DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3401

18. Sharapova, A. V.; Blokhina, S. V.; Ol’khovich, M. V. Thermodynamic Analysis of Nifedipine Sublimation, Dissolution and Solvation. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2023, 187, Art. No: 107139. DOI: 10.1016/J.JCT.2023.107139

19. Sardari, F.; Jouyban, A. Solubility of Nifedipine in Ethanol + Water and Propylene Glycol + Water Mixtures at 293.2 to 313.2 K. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52(40), 14353–14358. DOI: 10.1021/IE402588T

20. Gajendran, J.; Krämer, J.; Shah, V. P.; Langguth, P.; Polli, J.; Mehta, M.; Groot, D. W.; Cristofoletti, R.; Abrahamsson, B.; Dressman, J. B. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Nifedipine. J. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 104(10), 3289–3298. DOI: 10.1002/JPS.24560

21. Miyanishi, H.; Nemoto, T.; Mizuno, M.; Mimura, H.; Kitamura, S.; Iwao, Y.; Noguchi, S.; Itai, S. Evaluation of Crystallization Behavior on the Surface of Nifedipine Solid Dispersion Powder Using Inverse Gas Chromatography. Pharm. Res. 2013, 30(2), 502–511. DOI: 10.1007/S11095-012-0896-0.

22. Jackson WF. Ion channels and vascular tone. Hypertension 2000; 35(1 Pt 2), 173–178. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.35.1.173

23. Shah, K.; Seeley, S.; Schulz, C.; Fisher, J.; Rao, S. G. Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs. Cells 2022, 11(6), Art. No: 943. DOI: 10.3390/cells11060943

24. Stief, C. G.; Noack, T.; Andersson, K. E. Signal Transduction in Cavernous Smooth Muscle. World J. Urol. 1997, 15, 27–31. DOI: 10.1007/BF01275153

25. Zhao, Y.; Vanhoutte, P. M.; Leung, S. W. S. Vascular Nitric Oxide: Beyond eNOS. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2015, 129(2), 83–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002

26. Van Geijn, H. P.; Lenglet, J. E.; Bolte, A. C. Nifedipine Trials: Effectiveness and Safety Aspects. BJOG 2005, 112(SUPPL. 1), 79–83. DOI: 10.1111/J.1471-0528.2005.00591.X

27. Bertero, E.; Heusch, G.; Münzel, T.; Maack, C. A Pathophysiological Compass to Personalize Antianginal Drug Treatment. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2021, 18(12), 838–852. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00573-w

28. Manchanda, A.; Soran, O. Enhanced External Counterpulsation and Future Directions: Step Beyond Medical Management for Patients With Angina and Heart Failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007, 50(16), 1523–1531. DOI: 10.1016/J.JACC.2007.07.024

29. Tsuruga, H.; Murata, H.; Araie, M.; Aihara, M. Neuroprotective Effect of the Calcium Channel Blocker Nilvadipine on Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in a Mouse Ocular Hypertension Model. Heliyon 2023, 9(3), Art. No: e13812. DOI: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2023.E13812

30. Graveno, M.; Stratford, R. E. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Biopharmaceutical Drug Products. In: Talevi, A., Quiroga, P.A. (eds) ADME Processes in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Springer, Cham. 2024, 309–336. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-50419-8_14

31. Raemsch, K. D.; Sommer, J. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Nifedipine. Hypertension 1983, 5(4), 18–24. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.5.4_PT_2.II18.

32. Ma, L.; Liu, B.; Wang, C.; Zhang, H.; Cheng, X. The Interaction Mechanism of Nifedipine and Pepsin. Monatsh. Chem. 2018, 149(11), 2123–2130. DOI: 10.1007/S00706-018-2269-9

33. v. Bortel, L.; Böhm, R.; Mooij, J.; Schiffers, P.; Rahn, K. H. Total and Free Steady-State Plasma Levels and Pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine in Patients with Terminal Renal Failure. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1989, 37(2), 185–189. DOI: 10.1007/BF00558229.

34. Beardmore, K. S.; Morris, J. M.; Gallery, E. D. M. Excretion of Antihypertensive Medication into Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review. Hypertens Pregnancy 2002, 21(1), 85–95. DOI: 10.1081/PRG-120002912.

35. Williams, B.; Mancia, G.; Spiering, W.; Rosei, E. A.; Azizi, M.; Burnier, M.; Clement, D. L.; Coca, A.; De Simone, G.; Dominiczak, A.; Kahan, T.; Mahfoud, F.; Redon, J.; Ruilope, L.; Zanchetti, A.; Kerins, M.; Kjeldsen, S. E.; Kreutz, R.; Laurent, S.; Lip, G. Y. H.; McManus, R.; Narkiewicz, K.; Ruschitzka, F.; Schmieder, R. E.; Shlyakhto, E.; Tsioufis, C.; Aboyans, V.; Desormais, I.; De Backer, G.; Heagerty, A. M.; Agewall, S.; Bochud, M.; Borghi, C.; Boutouyrie, P.; Brguljan, J.; Bueno, H.; Caiani, E. G.; Carlberg, B.; Chapman, N.; Cífková, R.; Cleland, J. G. F.; Collet, J. P.; Coman, I. M.; De Leeuw, P. W.; Delgado, V.; Dendale, P.; Diener, H. C.; Dorobantu, M.; Fagard, R.; Farsang, C.; Ferrini, M.; Graham, I. M.; Grassi, G.; Haller, H.; Hobbs, F. D. R.; Jelakovic, B.; Jennings, C.; Katus, H. A.; Kroon, A. A.; Leclercq, C.; Lovic, D.; Lurbe, E.; Manolis, A. J.; McDonagh, T. A.; Messerli, F.; Muiesan, M. L.; Nixdorff, U.; Olsen, M. H.; Parati, G.; Perk, J.; Piepoli, M. F.; Polonia, J.; Ponikowski, P.; Richter, D. J.; Rimoldi, S. F.; Roffi, M.; Sattar, N.; Seferovic, P. M.; Simpson, I. A.; Sousa-Uva, M.; Stanton, A. V.; Van De Borne, P.; Vardas, P.; Volpe, M.; Wassmann, S.; Windecker, S.; Zamorano, J. L. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for The management of Arterial Hypertension. Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39(33), 3021–3104. DOI: 10.1093/EURHEARTJ/EHY339

36. Zisaki, A.; Miskovic, L.; Hatzimanikatis, V. Antihypertensive Drugs Metabolism: An Update to Pharmacokinetic Profiles and Computational Approaches. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014, 21(6), 806–822. DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666141024151119

37. Ali, S. L. Nifedpine. Anal. Profiles Drug Subst. Excip. 1990, 18, 221–288. DOI: 10.1016/S0099-5428(08)60674-7

38. Chung, M.; Reitberg, D. P.; Gaffney, M.; Singleton, W. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System: A Controlled-Release Formulation of Nifedipine. Am. J. Med. 1987, 83(6), 10–14. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90630-9

39. Badillo-Alonso, H.; Martínez-Alanis, M.; Sánchez-Huesca, R.; Lerma, A.; Lerma, C. Effectiveness of the Combination of Enalapril and Nifedipine for the Treatment of Hypertension versus Empirical Treatment in Primary Care Patients. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(6), 243. DOI: 10.3390/JCDD10060243

40. Zdanowicz, M. M.; Lynch, L. M. J. Teaching the Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Drugs. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 2011, 75(7), Art. No: 139. DOI: 10.5688/AJPE757139

41. Jones, K. E.; Hayden, S. L.; Meyer, H. R.; Sandoz, J. L.; Arata, W. H.; Dufrene, K.; Ballaera, C.; Lopez Torres, Y.; Griffin, P.; Kaye, A. M.; Shekoohi, S.; Kaye, A. D. The Evolving Role of Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertension Management: Pharmacological and Clinical Considerations. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(7), 6315–6327. DOI: 10.3390/CIMB46070377

43. Othman, J. A. Oropharyngeal Angioedema Due to Nifedipine Hypersensitivity Post-Hemithyroidectomy. J. Pharm. Negat. Results 2022, 13, 977–980. DOI: 10.47750/PNR.2022.13.S06.130

44. Amorim, S. M. R.; Dias, P.; Rocha, G.; Gama, G.; De Campos, M.; Pires, S. Poisoning with Calcium Channel Blockers--a Case Report and Review of the Literature. Rev. Port. Cardiol. 2001, 20(12), 1249–1257.

45. Tuchinda, P.; Kulthanan, K.; Khankham, S.; Jongjarearnprasert, K.; Dhana, N. Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Calcium Channel Blockers. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 2014, 32(3), 246–250. DOI: 10.12932/AP0380.32.3.2014

46. Lin, E.; Aligene, K. Pharmacology of Balance and Dizziness. NeuroRehabilitation 2013, 32(3), 529–542. DOI: 10.3233/NRE-130875

47. Lerma, E. V.; Luther, J. M.; Hiremath, S. Hypertension Secrets E-Book. 2nd ed.; Elsevier Health Sciences: Philadelphia, PA, 2022. ISBN: 9780323758529

48. Earl R.A., Grivell R.M. Nifedipine for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2021, 2021(12), CD012912. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012912.pub2

49. Gupte, G.; Jyothi, S.; Beath, S. V.; Kelly, D. A. Quinupristin-Dalfopristin Use in Children Is Associated with Arthralgias and Myalgias. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2006, 25(3), 281-281. DOI: 10.1097/01.INF.0000208571.61283.EA

50. Golbin, L.; Dolley-Hitze, T.; Lorcy, N.; Rioux-Leclercq, N.; Vigneau, C. Drug-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis with Nifedipine. Case Rep. Nephrol. 2016, 2016, Art. No: 1971465. DOI: 10.1155/2016/1971465

51. Yusuf, D.; Christy, J.; Owen, D.; Ho, M.; Li, D.; Fishman, M. J. A Case Report of Nifedipine-Induced Hepatitis with Jaundice. BMC Res. Notes, 2018, 11, Art. No: 228. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3322-9

52. Chan, L. W.; Sahota, D. S.; Yeung, S. Y.; Leung, T. Y.; Fung, T. Y.; Lau, T. K.; Leung, T. N. Side-Effect and Vital Sign Profile of Nifedipine as a Tocolytic for Preterm Labour. Hong Kong Med. J. 2008, 14(4), 267–272.

53. Thanvi, B.; Treadwell, S. Drug Induced Parkinsonism: A Common Cause of Parkinsonism in Older People. Postgrad. Med. J. 2009, 85(1004), 322–326. DOI: 10.1136/PGMJ.2008.073312

54. Enders, G. Clinical Approaches to Male Infertility With a Case Report of Possible Nifedipine-Induced Sperm Dysfunction. J. Am. Board Fam. Pract. 1997, 10(2), 131–136. DOI: 10.3122/JABFM.10.2.131

55. Bhatt, D. L. Opie’s Cardiovascular Drugs: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. 9th ed.; Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, 2021; pp. 1–696. ISBN: 9780323673617.

56. Lee, E. M. Calcium Channel Blockers for Hypertension: Old, but Still Useful. Cardiovasc. Prev. Pharmacother. 2023, 5(4), 113–125. DOI: 10.36011/CPP.2023.5.E16

57. Wang, J.; McDonagh, D. L.; Meng, L. Calcium Channel Blockers in Acute Care: The Links and Missing Links Between Hemodynamic Effects and Outcome Evidence. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2021, 21(1), 35–49. DOI: 10.1007/S40256-020-00410-4

58. Nifedipine, Hypotension, and Myocardial Injury. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988, 108(2), 305–306. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-2-305

59. Niu, W.; Li, S.; Jin, S.; Lin, X.; Zhang, M.; Cai, W.; Jiao, Z.; Xiang, X. Investigating the Interaction between Nifedipine- and Ritonavir-Containing Antiviral Regimens: A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2021, 87(7), 2790–2806. DOI: 10.1111/BCP.14684

60. Opie, L. H. Drug Interactions of Antihypertensive Agents. S. Afr. Fam. Pract. 2012, 54(2 Suppl 1), S23–S25. DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2012.10874206

61. Blaufarb, I.; Pfeifer, T. M.; Frishman, W. H. β-Blockers: Drug Interactions of Clinical Significance. Drug Saf. 1995, 13(6), 359–370. DOI: 10.2165/00002018-199513060-00005

62. Bailie, G. R.; Johnson, C. A.; Mason, N. A.; St. Peter, W. L. Pocket Guide of Drug Interactions. 2nd ed.; Nephrology Pharmacy Associates, Inc.: Rockville, MD, 2004.

63. Hutt, H.J.; Kirch, W.; Dylewicz, P. Ohnhaus EE. Dose-dependence of the nifedipine/digoxin interaction?. In: Chambers CM, Chambers PL, Tuomisto J, eds. Toxic Interfaces of Neurones, Smoke and Genes. Archives of Toxicology, vol. 9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1986, p. 209–212. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71248-7_27

64. Dorababu, M.; Nishimura, A.; Prabha, T.; Naruhashi, K.; Sugioka, N.; Takada, K.; Shibata, N. Effect of Cyclosporine on Drug Transport and Pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2009, 63(9), 697–702. DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOPHA.2009.04.031

65. Hassan, A. Myasthenia Gravis and Preeclampsia: Dot All the I’s and Cross All the T’s. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci. 2017, 12(5), 461–464. DOI: 10.1016/J.JTUMED.2017.01.006

66. Tyson, R. J.; Park, C. C.; Powell, J. R.; Patterson, J. H.; Weiner, D.; Watkins, P. B.; Gonzalez, D. Precision Dosing Priority Criteria: Drug, Disease, and Patient Population Variables. Front. Pharmacol. 2020, 11, Art. No: 511542. DOI: 10.3389/FPHAR.2020.00420

67. Pope JE. Drug treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. In: Wigley FM, Denton CP, eds. Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Guide to Pathogenesis and Treatment. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 315–337. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1526-2_20

68. Griggs, K. M.; Hrelic, D. A.; Williams, N.; McEwen-Campbell, M.; Cypher, R. Preterm Labor and Birth: A Clinical Review. MCN Am. J. Matern. Child Nurs. 2020, 45(6), 328–337. DOI: 10.1097/NMC.0000000000000656

69. Chovancova, B.; Liskova, V.; Miklikova, S.; Hudecova, S.; Babula, P.; Penesova, A.; Sevcikova, A.; Durinikova, E.; Novakova, M.; Matuskova, M.; Krizanova, O. Calcium Signaling Affects Migration and Proliferation Differently in Individual Cancer Cells Due to Nifedipine Treatment. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2020, 171, Art. No: 113695. DOI: 10.1016/J.BCP.2019.113695

70. Santos, P. S. F.; Melhado, E. M.; Kaup, A. O.; da Costa, A. T. N. M.; de Paula Roesler, C. A.; Piovesan, É. J.; Sarmento, E. M.; Theotonio, G. O. M.; de Campos, H. C.; Fortini, I.; de Souza, J. A.; Maciel, J. A.; Segundo, J. B. A.; de Carvalho, J. J. F.; Speziali, J. G.; Calia, L. C.; Barea, L. M.; Queiroz, L. P.; Souza, M. N. P.; Figueiredo, M. R. C. F.; de Magalhães Costa, M. E. N.; Peres, M. F. P.; Jurno, M. E.; Peixoto, P. M.; Kowacs, P. A.; Sampaio Rocha-Filho, P. A.; Moreira Filho, P. F.; Silva-Neto, R. P.; Fragoso, Y. D. Consensus of the Brazilian Headache Society (SBCe) for Prophylactic Treatment of Episodic Migraine: Part II. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr 2022, 80(9), 953–969. DOI: 10.1055/S-0042-1755320

71. Thakur APS, Sharma V, Ramasamy V, Choudhary A, Patel P, Singh S, Parol S. Management of ureteric stone in pregnancy: a review. Afr. J. Urol. 2020, 26(1), Art. No: 24. DOI: 10.1186/s12301-020-00070-5

72. Ramchandani, M.; Pal, P. Achalasia Cardia: A Comprehensive Review. EMJ Gastroenterol. 2020, 9(1), 106–117. DOI: 10.33590/emjgastroenterol/20-00178

73. Netland, P. A.; Tanna, A. P., Eds. Glaucoma Medical Therapy: Principles and Management, 3rd ed.; Kugler Publications: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021. ISBN: 978-90-6299-277-5.

74. Dubey, S.; Joshi, N.; Stevenson, O.; Gordon, C.; Reynolds, J. A. Chilblains in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Review. Rheumatology 2022, 61(12), 4631–4642. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac231

75. Nawaz, I.; Nawaz, Y.; Nawaz, E.; Manan, M. R.; Mahmood, A. Raynaud’s Phenomenon: Reviewing the Pathophysiology and Management Strategies. Cureus 2022, 14(1), Art. No: e21681. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21681

76. Fava A, Boin F. Historical perspective of Raynaud’s phenomenon. In: Wigley FM, Pope JE, Denton CP, eds. Raynaud’s Phenomenon. Cham: Springer; 2024. p. 1–13. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-52581-0_1

77. Flavahan, N. A. A Vascular Mechanistic Approach to Understanding Raynaud Phenomenon. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2015, 11(3), 146–158. DOI: 10.1038/NRRHEUM.2014.195

78. Choi, E.; Henkin, S. Raynaud’s Phenomenon and Related Vasospastic Disorders. Vasc. Med. (UK) 2021, 26(1), 56–70. DOI: 10.1177/1358863X20983455

79. Di Franco, M.; Bazzichi, L.; Casale, R.; Sarzi-Puttini, P.; Atzeni, F. Pain in Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2015, 29(1), 53–62. DOI: 10.1016/J.BERH.2015.05.006

80. Smith J. Measurement of Vascular Disease in Patients with Raynaud’s Phenomenon. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2019. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Document No. 1234567. Available online: https://www.proquest.com/docview/1965417151. Accessed August 2, 2024.

81. Santos Da Silva, I.; Teixeira, A.; Oliveira, J.; Almeida, R.; Vasconcelos, C. Identification of Predictive Risk Factors for Peripheral Microvascular Complications in Patients with Raynaud’s Phenomenon. Angiol. Cir. Vasc. 2016, 12(2), 77–84.

82. Akwii, R. G.; Sajib, M. S.; Zahra, F. T.; Mikelis, C. M. Role of Angiopoietin-2 in Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology. Cells 2019, 8(5), Art. No: 471. DOI: 10.3390/cells8050471.

83. Bakst, R.; Merola, J. F.; Franks, A. G.; Sanchez, M. Raynaud’s Phenomenon: Pathogenesis and Management. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2008, 59(4), 633–653. DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAD.2008.06.004

84. Wigley, F. M. Clinical Practice. Raynaud’s Phenomenon. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347(13), 1001–1008. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMCP013013

85. Davis, E. The Diagnostic Puzzle and Management Challenge of Raynaud’s Syndrome. Nurse Practitioner 1993, 18(3), 18–25. DOI: 10.1097/00006205-199303000-00010

86. Fardoun, M. M.; Nassif, J.; Issa, K.; Baydoun, E.; Eid, A. H. Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms. Front. Pharmacol. 2016, 7, Art. No: 438. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00438

87. Silveri, F.; De Angelis, R.; Poggi, A.; Muti, S.; Bonapace, G.; Argentati, F.; Cervini, C. Relative Roles of Endothelial Cell Damage and Platelet Activation in Primary Raynaud’s Phenomenon (RP) and RP Secondary to Systemic Sclerosis. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 2001, 30(5), 290–296. DOI: 10.1080/030097401753180372

88. Hughes, M.; Herrick, A. L. Raynaud’s Phenomenon. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2016, 30(1), 112–132. DOI: 10.1016/J.BERH.2016.04.001

89. Landry, G. J. Current Medical and Surgical Management of Raynaud’s Syndrome. J. Vasc. Surg. 2013, 57(6), 1710–1716. DOI: 10.1016/J.JVS.2013.03.012

90. Levien, T. L. Advances in the Treatment of Raynaud’s Phenomenon. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2010, 6(1), 167–177. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S4551

91. Bakst, R.; Merola, J. F.; Franks, A. G.; Sanchez, M. Raynaud’s Phenomenon: Pathogenesis and Management. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2008, 59(4), 633–653. DOI: 10.1016/J.JAAD.2008.06.004

92. Sameshima, H. Definition and Diagnosis of Preterm Labor. In: Sameshima, H., editor. Preterm Labor and Delivery. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte. Ltd.; 2020. p. 7–15. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9875-9_2

93. Romero, R.; Dey, S. K.; Fisher, S. J. Preterm Labor: One Syndrome, Many Causes. Science (1979) 2014, 345(6198), 760–765. DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.1251816

94. Cappelletti, M.; Della Bella, S.; Ferrazzi, E.; Mavilio, D.; Divanovic, S. Inflammation and Preterm Birth. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2016, 99(1), 67–78. DOI: 10.1189/JLB.3MR0615-272RR

95. Daskalakis, G.; Psarris, A.; Koutras, A.; Fasoulakis, Z.; Prokopakis, I.; Varthaliti, A.; Karasmani, C.; Ntounis, T.; Domali, E.; Theodora, M.; Antsaklis, P.; Pappa, K. I.; Papapanagiotou, A. Maternal Infection and Preterm Birth: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Implications. Children 2023, 10(5), Art. No: 907. DOI: 10.3390/children10050907

96. Kleinman, C. S.; Seri, I.; Polin, R. A. Hemodynamics and Cardiology: Neonatology Questions and Controversies. 1st ed.; Elsevier: 2008; pp. 1–410. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3162-8.X1000-7

97. Arias, F.; Bhide, A.; S, A.; Damania, K.; Daftary, S. Practical Guide to High Risk Pregnancy and Delivery, 2nd ed.; Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2008; pp. 323–357.

98. Koucký, M.; Germanová, A.; Hájek, Z.; Pařízek, A.; Kalousová, M.; Kopecký, P. Pathophysiology of Preterm Labour. Prague Med. Rep. 2009, 110(1), 13–24. DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2016.2

99. Goldenberg, R. L. The Management of Preterm Labor. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002, 100(5), 1020–1037. DOI: 10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02212-3

100. Flenady, V.; Wojcieszek, A. M.; Papatsonis, D. N. M.; Stock, O. M.; Murray, L.; Jardine, L. A.; Carbonne, B. Calcium Channel Blockers for Inhibiting Preterm Labour and Birth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 2014(6), Art. No.: CD002255. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002255.PUB2

101. Karemore, M. N.; Avari, J. G. Formulation, Optimization, and In Vivo Evaluation of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System of Nifedipine for the Treatment of Preeclampsia. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019, 20(5), Art. No.: 200. DOI: 10.1208/S12249-019-1391-2

102. Hunter, L. A.; Gibbins, K. J. Magnesium Sulfate: Past, Present, and Future. J. Midwifery Women’s Health 2011, 56(6), 566–574. DOI: 10.1111/J.1542-2011.2011.00121.X

103. Ali, S.; Sadaf, R.; Rauf, B.; Iqbal, K.; Farhad, U.; Kishwar, N. Effectiveness of Nifedipine in the Treatment of Threathened Preterm Labour. J. Saidu Med. Coll. 2023, 13(3), 116–121. DOI: 10.52206/JSMC.2023.13.3.774

104. Cao, F.; Li, F.; Shi, L.; Zhang, L.; Ma, T.; Zhang, G. Mortality Trends of Colorectal Cancer among Overweight Patients at the Global and National Levels. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 2019, 34(10), 1689–1695. DOI: 10.1007/S00384-019-03371-6

105. Cheng, W.; Zheng, J. Distribution and Assembly of TRP Ion Channels. In: Zhou, L., editor. Ion Channels in Biophysics and Physiology. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte. Ltd.; 2021. pp. 111–138. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_7

106. Mark, M. D.; Schwitalla, J. C.; Herlitze, S. Modulation of VGCCs by G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Their Second Messengers. In: Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels, 1st ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 161–194. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08881-0_7

107. Snutch, T. P.; Peloquin, J.; Mathews, E.; McRory, J. E. Molecular Properties of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels. In: Zamponi, G. W., editor. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels. New York: Landes Bioscience; 2005. pp. 61–94. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27526-6_5

108. Yang, W.; Otto, D.; Liebenberg, W.; de Villiers, M. Effect of Para-Sulfonato-Calix[n]Arenes on the Solubility, Chemical Stability, and Bioavailability of a Water Insoluble Drug Nifedipine. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 2008, 5(2), 129–139. DOI: 10.2174/157016308784746265

109. Lu, M. C.; Lai, N. S.; Yu, H. C.; Hsieh, S. C.; Tung, C. H.; Yu, C. L. Nifedipine Suppresses Th1/Th2 Cytokine Production and Increased Apoptosis of Anti-CD3 + Anti-CD28-Activated Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus via Calcineurin Pathway. Clin. Immunol. 2008, 129(3), 462–470. DOI: 10.1016/J.CLIM.2008.08.001

110. Yang, X.; Lou, J.; Shan, W.; Hu, Y.; Du, Q.; Liao, Q.; Xie, R.; Xu, J. Pathogenic Roles of Altered Calcium Channels and Transporters in Colon Tumorogenesis. Life Sci. 2019, 239, Art. No: 116909. DOI: 10.1016/J.LFS.2019.116909

111. Wu, L.; Lin, W.; Liao, Q.; Wang, H.; Lin, C.; Tang, L.; Lian, W.; Chen, Z.; Li, K.; Xu, L.; Zhou, R.; Ding, Y.; Zhao, L. Calcium Channel Blocker Nifedipine Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Progression and Immune Escape by Preventing NFAT2 Nuclear Translocation. Cell Rep. 2020, 33(4), Art. No: 108327. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108327

112. Wu, L.; Lian, W.; Zhao, L. Calcium Signaling in Cancer Progression and Therapy. FEBS J. 2021, 288(21), 6187–6205. DOI: 10.1111/FEBS.16133

113. Fei, F.; Qu, J.; Zhang, M.; Li, Y.; Zhang, S. S100A4 in Cancer Progression and Metastasis: A Systematic Review. Oncotarget 2017, 8(42), Art. No: 73219. DOI: 10.18632/ONCOTARGET.18016

114. Zhao, Y.; Cao, Y.; Wang, X.; Qian, T. Treatment of PD-1 Inhibitor-Associated Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Case Report and Brief Review. Onco. Targets Ther. 2022, 15, 345–351. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S353743

115. Aurora, S. K.; Kulthia, A.; Barrodale, P. M. Mechanism of Chronic Migraine. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 2011, 15(1), 57–63. DOI: 10.1007/s11916-010-0165-z

116. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition. Cephalalgia 2018, 38(1), 1–211. DOI: 10.1177/0333102417738202

117. Villar-Martinez, M. D.; Goadsby, P. J. Pathophysiology and Therapy of Associated Features of Migraine. Cells 2022, 11(17), 2767–2781. DOI: 10.3390/cells11172767

118. Chalmer, M. A.; Hansen, T. F.; Lebedeva, E. R.; Dodick, D. W.; Lipton, R. B.; Olesen, J. Proposed New Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Migraine. Cephalalgia 2020, 40(4), 399–406. DOI: 10.1177/0333102419877171

119. Valade, D. Chronic Migraine. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 2013, 169(5), 419–426. DOI: 10.1016/J.NEUROL.2013.01.629

120. Goadsby, P. J.; Holland, P. R.; Martins-Oliveira, M.; Hoffmann, J.; Schankin, C.; Akerman, S. Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing. Physiol. Rev. 2017, 97(2), 553–622. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2015

121. Quintas, M.; Neto, J. L.; Sequeiros, J.; Sousa, A.; Pereira-Monteiro, J.; Lemos, C.; Alonso, I. Going Deep into Synaptic Vesicle Machinery Genes and Migraine Susceptibility – A Case-Control Association Study. Headache 2020, 60(10), 2152–2165. DOI: 10.1111/HEAD.13957

122. Muehlberger, T. Migraine Surgery; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78117-4

123. Pietrobon, D.; Moskowitz, M. A. Pathophysiology of Migraine. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2013, 75, 365–391. DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-PHYSIOL-030212-183717

124. Lipton, R. B.; Silberstein, S. D. Episodic and Chronic Migraine Headache: Breaking Down Barriers to Optimal Treatment and Prevention. Headache 2015, 55(S2), 103–122. DOI: 10.1111/HEAD.12505_2

125. Silberstein, S. D. Preventive Migraine Treatment. Continuum (Minneap. Minn.) 2015, 21(4 Headache), 973–989. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000199

126. Sacco, S.; Ricci, S.; Carolei, A. Migraine and Vascular Diseases: A Review of the Evidence and Potential Implications for Management. Cephalalgia 2012, 32(10), 785–795. DOI: 10.1177/0333102412451361

127. Taylor, F. R. Weight Change Associated with the Use of Migraine-Preventive Medications. Clin. Ther. 2008, 30(6), 1069–1080. DOI: 10.1016/J.CLINTHERA.2008.06.005

128. Gilmore, B.; Michael, M. Treatment of Acute Migraine Headache. Am. Fam. Physician 2011, 83(3), 271–280.

129. Silberstein, S. D.; Goadsby, P. J. Migraine: Preventive Treatment. Cephalalgia 2002, 22(7), 491–512. DOI: 10.1046/J.1468-2982.2002.00386.X

130. Chung, C.; Stern, P. J.; Dufton, J. Urolithiasis Presenting as Right Flank Pain: A Case Report. J. Can. Chiropr. Assoc. 2013, 57(1), 69-75.

131. Campschroer T, Zhu Y, Duijvesz D, Grobbee DE, Lock MTWT. Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev 2014, 2014(4), Art. No: CD008509. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008509.pub2

132. Coppens, L.; Lustman, F. Nifedipine and Ureteral Colic. Ann. Intern. Med. 1986, 105(6), 967-967. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-6-967_1

133. Al Farouk, M.O.; Zaitoun, F.;A bd El‑Latif, L.; Bendary, E‑L.; El‑Sayed, D.; Ibrahim, M.; Ahmed, M.; Omran, K. Urolithiasis updated management guidelines in lower ureters. Eur. J. Mol. Clin. Med. 2021, 8(3), 4383–4391.

134. Healy, K. A.; Ogan, K. Nonsurgical Management of Urolithiasis: An Overview of Expulsive Therapy. Urology 2005, 19(7), 759–767. DOI: 10.1089/END.2005.19.759

135. Micali, S.; Grande, M.; Sighinolfi, M. C.; De Carne, C.; De Stefani, S.; Bianchi, G.; Grande, M. Medical Therapy of Urolithiasis. Urology 2006, 20 (11), 841–847. DOI: 10.1089/END.2006.20.841

136. Pandolfino, J. E.; Gawron, A. J. Achalasia: A Systematic Review. JAMA 2015, 313(18), 1841–1852. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.2015.2996

137. O’Neill, O. M.; Johnston, B. T.; Coleman, H. G. Achalasia: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Treatment and Outcomes. World J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 19(35), 5806-5812. DOI: 10.3748/WJG.V19.I35.5806

138. Savarino, E.; Bhatia, S.; Roman, S.; Sifrim, D.; Tack, J.; Thompson, S. K.; Gyawali, C. P. Achalasia. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2022, 8(1), Art. No: 28. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00356-8

139. Schlottmann, F.; Neto, R. M. L.; Herbella, F. A. M.; Patti, M. G. Esophageal Achalasia: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Evaluation. The American SurgeonTM 2018, 84(4), 467–472. DOI: 10.1177/000313481808400415

140. Furuzawa-Carballeda, J.; Torres-Landa, S.; Valdovinos, M.Á.; Coss-Adame, E.; Martín del Campo, L.A.; Torres-Villalobos, G. New insights into the pathophysiology of achalasia and implications for future treatment. World J. Gastroenterol. 2016, 22(35), 7892–7907. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7892

141. Eckardt, A. J.; Eckardt, V. F. Treatment and Surveillance Strategies in Achalasia: An Update. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011, 8(6), 311–319. DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.68

142. Francis, D. L.; Katzka, D. A. Achalasia: Update on the Disease and Its Treatment. Gastroenterology 2010, 139(2), 369-374.e2. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.024

143. Vaezi, M. F.; Pandolfino, J. E.; Vela, M. F. ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Achalasia. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 108(8), 1238–1249. DOI: 10.1038/AJG.2013.196

144. Li, C. X.; Noreen, S.; Zhang, L. X.; Saeed, M.; Wu, P. F.; Ijaz, M.; Dai, D. F.; Maqbool, I.; Madni, A.; Akram, F.; Naveed, M.; Li, J. H. A Critical Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Complexities, Emerging Variants, and Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccination Strategies. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2022, 146, Art. No: 112550. DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOPHA.2021.112550

145. Feng, W.; Zong, W.; Wang, F.; Ju, S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a review. Mol. Cancer 2020, 19(1), 100. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01218-1

146. Straus, M. R.; Tang, T.; Lai, A. L.; Flegel, A.; Bidon, M.; Freed, J. H.; Daniel, S.; Whittaker, G. R. Ca²⁺ Ions Promote Fusion of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus with Host Cells and Increase Infectivity. J. Virol. 2020, 94(13), 426–446. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00426-20

147. Bergantin, L. B. A Timeline of Ca2+/CAMP Signalling: From Basic Research to Potential Therapeutics for Dementia. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2022, 19(3), 179–187. DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220415125447

148. Straus, M.R.; Bidon, M.K.; Tang, T.; Jaimes, J.A.; Whittaker, G.R.; Daniel S. Inhibitors of L‑Type Calcium Channels Show Therapeutic Potential for Treating SARS‑CoV‑2 Infections by Preventing Virus Entry and Spread. ACS Infect. Dis. 2021, 7(10), 2807–2815. DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00023

149. Solaimanzadeh, I. Nifedipine and Amlodipine Are Associated With Improved Mortality and Decreased Risk for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation in Elderly Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19. Cureus 2020, 12(9), Art. No: e8069. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8069

150. Lee, S. S. Y.; Mackey, D. A. Glaucoma – Risk Factors and Current Challenges in the Diagnosis of a Leading Cause of Visual Impairment. Maturitas 2022, 163, 15–22. DOI: 10.1016/J.MATURITAS.2022.05.002

151. Kamińska, A.; Romano, G. L.; Rejdak, R.; Zweifel, S.; Fiedorowicz, M.; Rejdak, M.; Bajka, A.; Amato, R.; Bucolo, C.; Avitabile, T.; Drago, F.; Toro, M. D. Influence of Trace Elements on Neurodegenerative Diseases of The Eye—The Glaucoma Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(9), Art. No: 4323. DOI: 10.3390/IJMS22094323

152. Vanathi, M. How Do We Deal with Keratoconic Corneas Lesser than 400 Microns Thickness? Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2024, 72(8), 1077–1078. DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1659_24

153. El-Feky, Y. A.; Fares, A. R.; Zayed, G.; El-Telbany, R. F. A.; Ahmed, K. A.; El-Telbany, D. F. A. Repurposing of Nifedipine Loaded in Situ Ophthalmic Gel as a Novel Approach for Glaucoma Treatment. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021, 142, Art. No: 112008. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112008

154. Nyssen, A.; Benhadou, F.; Magnée, M.; André, J.; Koopmansch, C.; Wautrecht, J.C. Chilblains. Vasa 2020, 49(2), 133–140. DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000838

155. AlMahameed, A.; Pinto, D. S. Pernio (Chilblains). Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med. 2008, 10(2), 128–135. DOI: 10.1007/S11936-008-0014-0

156. Koca, T. T.; Bağlan, T.; Kurtoğlu, E.; Arslan, A. Perniosis (Chilblain): Report of Three Cases. Int. J. Med. Health Sci. 2016, 5, 45–50.

157. Bergersen, T. K.; Walløe, L. Acral Coldness – Severely Reduced Blood Flow to Fingers and Toes. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2018, 157, 677–685. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64074-1.00040-9

158. Zhou, Y.; Yan, H.; Li, T.; Xie, M.; Li, X.; Zhao, C. New Use of Old Medicine: Nifedipine Acts on the TRP Family and Inflammatory Proteins in the Treatment of Chilblain. Burns 2022, 48(2), 440–448. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.05.005

159. Dubey, S.; Joshi, N.; Stevenson, O.; Gordon, C.; Reynolds, J. A. Chilblains in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Review. Rheumatology 2022, 61(12), 4631–4642. DOI: 10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/KEAC231

160. Pratt, M.; Mahmood, F.; Kirchhof, M. G. Pharmacologic Treatment of Idiopathic Chilblains (Pernio): A Systematic Review. J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2021, 25(5), 530–542. DOI: 10.1177/1203475421995130

Muneeb Ur Rahman

muneeb.rahman.pharmd@gmail.com

Affiliation:

College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan Pakistan

Hafiz Rashid Hussain

rashid.hussain@uos.edu.pk

Affiliation:

College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan Pakistan

Habiba Akram

habibaakram232@gmail.com

Affiliation:

Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan Pakistan

Faisal Gulzar

mfaisalgul33@gmail.com

Affiliation:

College of Pharmacy, Rai Institute of Medical Sciences, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan Pakistan

Muhammad Nouman

muhammadnouman0293@gmail.com

Affiliation:

College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan Pakistan

Hassan Farooq

hassanfarooq2788@gmail.com

Affiliation:

College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan Pakistan

Arslan Ashfaq

arslanashfaq132@gmail.com

Affiliation:

College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan Pakistan

Zaha Kalsoom

naeemzaha014@gmail.com

Affiliation:

College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan Pakistan

Nifedipine's Synergistic Therapeutic Potential: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Novel Applications in Pharmacotherapy

Muneeb Ur Rahman

Hafiz Rashid Hussain

Habiba Akram

Faisal Gulzar

Muhammad Nouman

Hassan Farooq

Arslan Ashfaq

Zaha Kalsoom

Abstract

Keywords:

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

Muneeb Ur Rahman

Hafiz Rashid Hussain

Habiba Akram

Faisal Gulzar

Muhammad Nouman

Hassan Farooq

Arslan Ashfaq

Zaha Kalsoom