Propolis – can it „bee” a breakthrough in dental care?

Maria Wasilewska; Katarzyna Strzelecka; Jan Sobieraj; Ewa Olędzka

doi:10.56782/pps.421

Published : 2025-08-06

No. 2025 (Early Access)

Propolis – can it „bee” a breakthrough in dental care?

Maria Wasilewska

Katarzyna Strzelecka

Jan Sobieraj

Ewa Olędzka

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.421

Abstract

Propolis, an intriguing natural material synthesized by bees, is characterized by its intricate resinous blend, which boasts a remarkably varied chemical composition. This unique blend contains various bioactive compounds that contribute to its numerous health benefits. The ability of propolis to combat inflammation, infections, and oxidative stress has made it a powerful candidate for enhancing overall health, with particular relevance to oral care practices. As the researchers continue to unravel the diverse properties of propolis, it is becoming an increasingly intriguing subject for clinical studies. In the present review, we aim to summarize and present the most recent data from clinical trials on the potential of propolis in the oral cavity diseases treatment and prevention. Propolis can be helpful in decreasing dental caries, effectively treating periodontitis, managing dentin hypersensitivity, treating gingivitis, and promoting overall oral hygiene. The results of our research suggest that propolis could serve as a valuable adjunct to dental therapies, potentially improving traditional methods and leading to enhanced outcomes for patients.

Keywords:

propolis, oral cavity diseases, antimicrobial activity, dentistry, flavonoids

Similar Articles

Paulina Wilczyńska, Barbara Lisowska-Myjak, ROLA AMINOPEPTYDAZ ŁOŻYSKOWYCH W PRZEBIEGU CIĄŻY , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 17 No. 1 (2019)
Zofia Suchocka, OBESITY - REASONS AND TREATMENT , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 1 No. 1 (2003)
Magdalena Bielińska, Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki, PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. I: EVALUATION OF TOXICITY OF THREE FLUOROQUINOLONES TO DUCKWEED LEMNA MINOR , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 7 No. 4 (2009)
Karolina Gimpel, Piotr Luliński, Dorota Maciejewska, SELECTED SYSTEMS OPTIMIZING DRUG DELIVERY , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 7 No. 3 (2009)
Grażyna Kubiak-Tomaszewska, Jan Pachecka, Jacek Łukaszkiewicz, Piotr Tomaszewski, MECHANISMS OF RECEPTOR-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF BILE ACID AND XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM. THE ROLE OF CYP3A4 EXPRESSION IN THE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 14 No. 9 (2016)
Joanna Warguła, Outline of the history of drug synthesis with particular emphasis on anticancer and antibacterial drugs , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 20 No. 3 (2022)
Dibyajyoti Saha, Satish Kumar Sarankar, Critical review on potentials of ethnopharmacological, ethnomedicinal and traditional practices of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig Ex L.) J. F. Macbr. (Family: Sapotaceae) , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 21 No. 2 (2023)
Martyna Z. Wróbel, Monika Marciniak, 5-HT1A RECEPTOR LIGANDS AS POTENTIAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 13 No. 5 (2015)
Daria Żuraw, Paulina Oleksa, Mateusz Sobczyk, Kacper Jasiński, Simple obesity in children , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 21 No. 2 (2023)
Aleksandra Mikulska, Arkadiusz Kocur, Pharmacotherapy with high doses of methotrexate (HDMTX) in oncology – how should chemotherapy be conducted based on therapeutic drug monitoring? , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 21 No. 4 (2023)

<< < 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 > >>

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

PDF

Citation rules

Wasilewska, M., Strzelecka, K., Sobieraj, J., & Olędzka, E. (2025). Propolis – can it „bee” a breakthrough in dental care?. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, (2025 (Early Access). https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.421

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

1. Kuropatnicki, A.K.; Szliszka, E.; Krol, W. Historical Aspects of Propolis Research in Modern Times. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013, 2013, 1–11, doi:10.1155/2013/964149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/964149

2. Przybyłek, I.; Karpiński, T.M. Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules 2019, 24, 2047, doi:10.3390/molecules24112047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112047

3. Bhatti, N.; Hajam, Y.A.; Mushtaq, S.; Kaur, L.; Kumar, R.; Rai, S. A Review on Dynamic Pharmacological Potency and Multifaceted Biological Activities of Propolis. Discov. Sustain. 2024, 5, 185, doi:10.1007/s43621-024-00375-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00375-3

4. Otręba, M.; Marek, Ł.; Tyczyńska, N.; Stojko, J.; Kurek-Górecka, A.; Górecki, M.; Olczyk, P.; Rzepecka-Stojko, A. Propolis as Natural Product in the Oral Cavity Bacterial Infections Treatment: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10123, doi:10.3390/app121910123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app121910123

5. Saeed, M.A.; Khabeer, A.; Faridi, M.A.; Makhdoom, G. Effectiveness of Propolis in Maintaining Oral Health: A Scoping Review. Can. J. Dent. Hyg. CJDH J. Can. Hyg. Dent. JCHD 2021, 55, 167–176.

6. Otręba, M.; Marek, Ł.; Tyczyńska, N.; Stojko, J.; Rzepecka-Stojko, A. Bee Venom, Honey, and Royal Jelly in the Treatment of Bacterial Infections of the Oral Cavity: A Review. Life 2021, 11, 1311, doi:10.3390/life11121311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life11121311

7. Bankova, V.S.; De Castro, S.L.; Marcucci, M.C. Propolis: Recent Advances in Chemistry and Plant Origin. Apidologie 2000, 31, 3–15, doi:10.1051/apido:2000102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000102

8. Viuda‐Martos, M.; Ruiz‐Navajas, Y.; Fernández‐López, J.; Pérez‐Álvarez, J.A. Functional Properties of Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly. J. Food Sci. 2008, 73, doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00966.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00966.x

9. Shahinozzaman, M.; Basak, B.; Emran, R.; Rozario, P.; Obanda, D.N. Artepillin C: A Comprehensive Review of Its Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Pharmacological Properties. Fitoterapia 2020, 147, 104775, doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104775

10. Tek, N.A.; Şentüre, Ş.A.; Ersoy, N. Is Propolis a Potential Anti-Obesogenic Agent for Obesity? Curr. Nutr. Rep. 2024, 13, 186–193, doi:10.1007/s13668-024-00524-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-024-00524-0

11. Malina, D.; Sobczak-Kupiec, A.; Tyliszczak, B.; Bialik-Wąs, K.; Wzorek, Z. Propolis – Beekeeping Medicinal Product. Czasopismo Techniczne. Chemia 2012, 115–123.

12. Vasconcelos, N.G.; Croda, J.; Simionatto, S. Antibacterial Mechanisms of Cinnamon and Its Constituents: A Review. Microb. Pathog. 2018, 120, 198–203, doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.036

13. Zhang, P.; Tang, Y.; Li, N.-G.; Zhu, Y.; Duan, J.-A. Bioactivity and Chemical Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Its Derivatives. Molecules 2014, 19, 16458–16476, doi:10.3390/molecules191016458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191016458

14. Kubina, R.; Kabała-Dzik, A.; Wojtyczka, R.; Szaflarska-Stojko, E. [Przeciwbakteryjne Działanie Galanginy Zawartej w Propolisie w Stosunku Do Bakterii Gram-Dodatnich.]. Farm. Przeglad Nauk. 2009, 6, 22–26.

15. Skaba, D.; Morawiec, T.; Tanasiewicz, M.; Mertas, A.; Bobela, E.; Szliszka, E.; Skucha-Nowak, M.; Dawiec, M.; Yamamoto, R.; Ishiai, S.; et al. Influence of the Toothpaste with Brazilian Ethanol Extract Propolis on the Oral Cavity Health. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013, 2013, 1–12, doi:10.1155/2013/215391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/215391

16. Alghutaimel, H.; Matoug-Elwerfelli, M.; Alhaji, M.; Albawardi, F.; Nagendrababu, V.; Dummer, P.M.H. Propolis Use in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of Its Preventive and Therapeutic Applications. Int. Dent. J. 2024, 74, 365–386, doi:10.1016/j.identj.2024.01.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2024.01.018

17. Rodrigues Neto, E.M.; Valadas, L.A.R.; Lobo, P.L.D.; Fonseca, S.G.D.C.; Fechine, F.V.; Lotif, M.A.L.; Bandeira, M.A.M.; Mendonça, J.F.; De Mendonça, K.M.; Fonteles, M.M.D.F. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Propolis-Containing Varnish in Children: A Randomized and Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2021, 2021, 1–6, doi:10.1155/2021/5547081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5547081

18. González‐Serrano, J.; López‐Pintor, R.M.; Serrano, J.; Torres, J.; Hernández, G.; Sanz, M. Short‐term Efficacy of a Gel Containing Propolis Extract, Nanovitamin C and Nanovitamin E on Peri‐implant Mucositis: A Double‐blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial. J. Periodontal Res. 2021, 56, 897–906, doi:10.1111/jre.12886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12886

19. Bapat, S.; Nagarajappa, R.; Ramesh, G.; Bapat, K. Effect of Propolis Mouth Rinse on Oral Microorganisms — a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin. Oral Investig. 2021, 25, 6139–6146, doi:10.1007/s00784-021-03913-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03913-9

20. Selwitz, R.H.; Ismail, A.I.; Pitts, N.B. Dental Caries. The Lancet 2007, 369, 51–59, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2

21. Munson, M.A.; Banerjee, A.; Watson, T.F.; Wade, W.G. Molecular Analysis of the Microflora Associated with Dental Caries. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42, 3023–3029, doi:10.1128/JCM.42.7.3023-3029.2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.7.3023-3029.2004

22. Ikeno, K.; Ikeno, T.; Miyazawa, C. Effects of Propolis on Dental Caries in Rats. Caries Res. 1991, 25, 347–351, doi:10.1159/000261390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000261390

23. Hayacibara, M.F.; Koo, H.; Rosalen, P.L.; Duarte, S.; Franco, E.M.; Bowen, W.H.; Ikegaki, M.; Cury, J.A. In Vitro and in Vivo Effects of Isolated Fractions of Brazilian Propolis on Caries Development. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 101, 110–115, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.001

24. McCoy, L.C.; Wehler, C.J.; Rich, S.E.; Garcia, R.I.; Miller, D.R.; Jones, J.A. Adverse Events Associated with Chlorhexidine Use. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2008, 139, 178–183, doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0134

25. Anauate-Netto, C.; Marcucci, M.C.; Paulino, N.; Anido-Anido, A.; Amore, R.; Mendonça, S.D.; Borelli Neto, L.; Bretz, W.A. Effects of Typified Propolis on Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Braz. Dent. Sci. 2013, 16, 31–36, doi:10.14295/bds.2013.v16i2.879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14295/bds.2013.v16i2.879

26. Pazin, W.M.; Mônaco, L.D.M.; Egea Soares, A.E.; Miguel, F.G.; Berretta, A.A.; Ito, A.S. Antioxidant Activities of Three Stingless Bee Propolis and Green Propolis Types. J. Apic. Res. 2017, 56, 40–49, doi:10.1080/00218839.2016.1263496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2016.1263496

27. Kurek-Górecka, A.; Rzepecka-Stojko, A.; Górecki, M.; Stojko, J.; Sosada, M.; Swierczek-Zieba, G. Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols Derived from Propolis. Mol. Basel Switz. 2013, 19, 78–101, doi:10.3390/molecules19010078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010078

28. Faraji-Rad, M.; Khajavi, M.; Arjmand, M.H.; Shajari, E.; Hamidi Alamdari, D. Pro-Oxidant - Antioxidant Balance in Patients with High Grade Glioblastoma Multiform. Middle East J. Cancer 2015, 6, 79-83, doi:10.30476/MEJC-2015-204.

29. Soleimani, D.; Miryan, M.; Hadi, V.; Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J.; Moludi, J.; Sayedi, S.M.; Bagherniya, M.; Askari, G.; Nachvak, S.M.; Sadeghi, E.; et al. Effect of Propolis Supplementation on Athletic Performance, Body Composition, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Following Intense Exercise: A Triple‐blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021, 9, 3631–3640, doi:10.1002/fsn3.2319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2319

30. Anvarifard, P.; Ostadrahimi, A.; Ardalan, M.; Anbari, M.; Ghoreishi, Z. The Effects of Propolis on Pro-Oxidant–Antioxidant Balance, Glycemic Control, and Quality of Life in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 9884, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37033-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37033-z

31. Xu, W.; Lu, H.; Yuan, Y.; Deng, Z.; Zheng, L.; Li, H. The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids from Propolis via Nrf2 and NF-κB Pathways. Foods 2022, 11, 2439, doi:10.3390/foods11162439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162439

32. Lan, X.; Wang, W.; Li, Q.; Wang, J. The Natural Flavonoid Pinocembrin: Molecular Targets and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Mol. Neurobiol. 2016, 53, 1794–1801, doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9125-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9125-2

33. Paulino, N.; Abreu, S.R.L.; Uto, Y.; Koyama, D.; Nagasawa, H.; Hori, H.; Dirsch, V.M.; Vollmar, A.M.; Scremin, A.; Bretz, W.A. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Bioavailable Compound, Artepillin C, in Brazilian Propolis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 587, 296–301, doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.067

34. Machado, J.L.; Assunção, A.K.M.; Da Silva, M.C.P.; Reis, A.S.D.; Costa, G.C.; Arruda, D.D.S.; Rocha, B.A.; Vaz, M.M.D.O.L.L.; Paes, A.M.D.A.; Guerra, R.N.M.; et al. Brazilian Green Propolis: Anti-Inflammatory Property by an Immunomodulatory Activity. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2012, 2012, 1–10, doi:10.1155/2012/157652. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/157652

35. Choi, J.-H.; Roh, K.-H.; Oh, H.; Park, S.-J.; Ha, S.-M.; Kang, M.S.; Lee, J.-H.; Jung, S.Y.; Song, H.; Yang, J.W.; et al. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Lessens Disease Symptoms in an Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis Mouse Model. Exp. Eye Res. 2015, 134, 53–62, doi:10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.014

36. Stähli, A.; Maheen, C.U.; Strauss, F.J.; Eick, S.; Sculean, A.; Gruber, R. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Protects against Oxidative Stress and Dampens Inflammation via Heme Oxygenase 1. Int. J. Oral Sci. 2019, 11, 6, doi:10.1038/s41368-018-0039-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-018-0039-5

37. Neamatallah, T. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Attenuates Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2024, 397, 1791–1801, doi:10.1007/s00210-023-02730-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02730-z

38. Mirsadraee, M.; Azmoon, B.; Ghaffari, S.; Abdolsamadi, A.; Khazdair, M.R. Effect of Propolis on Moderate Persistent Asthma: A Phase Two Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial. Avicenna J. Phytomedicine 2021, 11, 22–31.

39. Chermut, T.R.; Fonseca, L.; Figueiredo, N.; De Oliveira Leal, V.; Borges, N.A.; Cardozo, L.Fmf.; Correa Leite, P.E.; Alvarenga, L.; Regis, B.; Delgado, A.; et al. Effects of Propolis on Inflammation Markers in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2023, 51, 101732, doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101732

40. Lisbona-González, M.J.; Muñoz-Soto, E.; Lisbona-González, C.; Vallecillo-Rivas, M.; Diaz-Castro, J.; Moreno-Fernandez, J. Effect of Propolis Paste and Mouthwash Formulation on Healing after Teeth Extraction in Periodontal Disease. Plants 2021, 10, 1603, doi:10.3390/plants10081603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081603

41. Hutami, I.R.; Suningdyastiningrum, A.O.; Ramadhanti, D.M.; Dewi, R.C.; Berliani, Y. Advantage Properties of Propolis for Oral Wound Healing: A Scoping Review. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research 2024, 17, 1762–1770.

42. Alizadeh Tabari, Z.; Seyfi, F.; Dashkhaneh, F.; Gheibi, N.; Anbari, F. Effect of an Oral Ointment Containing Propolis on Palatal Donor Site Pain and Wound Healing After Harvesting a Free Gingival Graft: A Split-Mouth, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. J. Herb. Med. 2023, 42, 100741, doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100741

43. Kubina, R.; Kabała-Dzik, A.; Wojtyczka, R.; Szaflarska-Stojko, E.; Tylka, P. Przeciwnowotworowe Oraz Cytotoksyczne Działanie Propolisu. Farmaceutyczny Przegląd Naukowy 2009, 9, 22–24.

44. Búfalo, M.C.; Candeias, J.M.G.; Sforcin, J.M. In Vitro Cytotoxic Effect of Brazilian Green Propolis on Human Laryngeal Epidermoid Carcinoma (HEp‐2) Cells. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2009, 6, 483–487, doi:10.1093/ecam/nem147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem147

45. Forma, E.; Bryś, M. Anticancer Activity of Propolis and Its Compounds. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2594, doi:10.3390/nu13082594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082594

46. Wezgowiec, J.; Wieczynska, A.; Wieckiewicz, W.; Kulbacka, J.; Saczko, J.; Pachura, N.; Wieckiewicz, M.; Gancarz, R.; Wilk, K.A. Polish Propolis—Chemical Composition and Biological Effects in Tongue Cancer Cells and Macrophages. Molecules 2020, 25, 2426, doi:10.3390/molecules25102426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102426

47. Hermansyah, D.; Zulhendri, F.; Perera, C.O.; Firsty, N.N.; Chandrasekaran, K.; Abdulah, R.; Herman, H.; Lesmana, R. The Potential Use of Propolis as an Adjunctive Therapy in Breast Cancers. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2022, 21, 1-21, doi:10.1177/15347354221096868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15347354221096868

48. Çakmak, S.; Nural, N. Efficacy of Propolis in the Prevention of Oral Mucositis in Patients Undergoing High-Dose Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancer Nurs. 2024, 47, E255–E268, doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000001212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000001212

49. Rivera-Yañez, C.R.; Ruiz-Hurtado, P.A.; Reyes-Reali, J.; Mendoza-Ramos, M.I.; Vargas-Díaz, M.E.; Hernández-Sánchez, K.M.; Pozo-Molina, G.; Méndez-Catalá, C.F.; García-Romo, G.S.; Pedroza-González, A.; et al. Antifungal Activity of Mexican Propolis on Clinical Isolates of Candida Species. Molecules 2022, 27, 5651, doi:10.3390/molecules27175651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175651

50. Bouchelaghem, S. Propolis Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities against Staphylococcus Aureus and Candida Albicans: A Review. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2022, 29, 1936–1946, doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.063. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.063

51. Zulhendri, F.; Chandrasekaran, K.; Kowacz, M.; Ravalia, M.; Kripal, K.; Fearnley, J.; Perera, C.O. Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiparasitic Properties of Propolis: A Review. Foods 2021, 10, 1360, doi:10.3390/foods10061360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061360

52. Silveira, M.A.D.; De Jong, D.; Berretta, A.A.; Galvão, E.B.D.S.; Ribeiro, J.C.; Cerqueira-Silva, T.; Amorim, T.C.; Conceição, L.F.M.R.D.; Gomes, M.M.D.; Teixeira, M.B.; et al. Efficacy of Brazilian Green Propolis (EPP-AF®) as an Adjunct Treatment for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021, 138, 111526, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111526

53. Ripari, N.; Sartori, A.A.; Da Silva Honorio, M.; Conte, F.L.; Tasca, K.I.; Santiago, K.B.; Sforcin, J.M. Propolis Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activity: A Review and Perspectives for COVID-19 Treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2021, 73, 281–299, doi:10.1093/jpp/rgaa067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgaa067

54. Kiani, S.; Birang, R.; Jamshidian, N. Effect of Propolis Mouthwash on Clinical Periodontal Parameters in Patients with Gingivitis: A Double‐blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2022, 20, 434–440, doi:10.1111/idh.12550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12550

55. Gunjal, S.; Pateel, D.G.S. Comparative Effectiveness of Propolis with Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Gingivitis – a Randomized Controlled Clinical Study. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2024, 24, 154, doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04456-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-024-04456-8

56. Bantawa, S.; Vikram, M.; Agrawal, N.; Singh, V.; Ayer, A.; Rai, A.; Shrestha, S.; Agarwal, S.K. Efficacy of Three Desensitizing Agents to Reduce Cervical Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nepal J. Health Sci. 2022, 2, 55–63, doi:10.3126/njhs.v2i1.47166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njhs.v2i1.47166

57. Ishihata, H.; Kanehira, M.; Finger, W.J.; Shimauchi, H.; Komatsu, M. Effects of Applying Glutaraldehyde-Containing Desensitizer Formulations on Reducing Dentin Permeability. J. Dent. Sci. 2012, 7, 105–110, doi:10.1016/j.jds.2012.03.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2012.03.005

58. Shah, M.; Ahmed Jat, S.; Aziz, M. Comparison of the Effect of Propolis and Gluma Desensitizer on the Management of Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2024, 74, 843–847, doi:10.47391/JPMA.9924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.9924

59. Takeuchi, E.V.; Pingarilho Carneiro, A.M.; Freitas De Paula, B.L.; Pimentel De Oliveira, R.; Oliveira Barros, A.P.; Silva, C.M. Efficacy of Experimental Propolis‐Based Toothpastes on Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2024, 2024, 8563084, doi:10.1155/2024/8563084. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8563084

60. Gościniak, A.; Paczkowska-Walendowska, M.; Skotnicka, A.; Ruchała, M.A.; Cielecka-Piontek, J. Can Plant Materials Be Valuable in the Treatment of Periodontal Diseases? Practical Review. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 2185, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13122185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122185

61. Eghbali Zarch, R.; Askari, M.; Boostani, H.; Mirzaii-Dizgah, I. Effect of Propolis Extract on Clinical Parameters and Salivary Level of Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 in Periodontitis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Adv. Periodontol. Implant Dent. 2021, 13, 84–90, doi:10.34172/japid.2021.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34172/japid.2021.013

62. Aldosari, A.Y.; Aljared, A.M.; Alqurshy, H.S.; Alfarran, A.M.; Alnahdi, M.G.; Alharbi, S.S.; Alharbi, W.S.; Alghamdi, F.T. The Clinical Effectiveness of Propolis on the Endodontic Treatment of Permanent Teeth: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials and Updates. Cureus 2025, doi:10.7759/cureus.77430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.77430

63. Due, A. What Are Side Effects? Eur. J. Philos. Sci. 2023, 13, 16, doi:10.1007/s13194-023-00519-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-023-00519-8

64. Ndreu, L.; Hurben, A.K.; Nyman, G.S.A.; Tretyakova, N.Y.; Karlsson, I.; Hagvall, L. Investigation into Propolis Components Responsible for Inducing Skin Allergy: Air Oxidation of Caffeic Acid and Its Esters Contribute to Hapten Formation. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2023, 36, 859–869, doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00386

65. Oršolić, N. Allergic Inflammation: Effect of Propolis and Its Flavonoids. Molecules 2022, 27, 6694, doi:10.3390/molecules27196694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196694

66. Etebarian, A.; Alhouei, B.; Mohammadi‐Nasrabadi, F.; Esfarjani, F. Propolis as a Functional Food and Promising Agent for Oral Health and Microbiota Balance: A Review Study. Food Sci. Nutr. 2024, 12, 5329–5340, doi:10.1002/fsn3.4216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4216

67. Çelik Tuğlu, H. Propolis: Is It Harmless to the Extent That It Is Natural? Eurasian J. Pulmonol. 2024, 144–146, doi:10.14744/ejp.2023.1101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14744/ejp.2023.1101

68. Belluco, P.E.S.; Belluco, R.Z.F.; Reis, C.M.S. Allergic Contact Cheilitis Caused by Propolis: Case Report. Einstein São Paulo 2022, 20, eRC6151, doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2022RC6151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022RC6151

Propolis – can it „bee” a breakthrough in dental care?

Maria Wasilewska

Katarzyna Strzelecka

Jan Sobieraj

Ewa Olędzka

Abstract

Keywords:

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

Maria Wasilewska

Katarzyna Strzelecka

Jan Sobieraj

Ewa Olędzka