Simple Obesity in Children

Daria Żuraw; Paulina Oleksa; Mateusz Sobczyk; Kacper Jasiński

doi:10.56782/pps.145

Published : 2023-06-12

Vol. 21 No. 2 (2023)

Simple obesity in children

Daria Żuraw

Paulina Oleksa

Mateusz Sobczyk

Kacper Jasiński

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.145

Abstract

Simple obesity in children is one of the most important global public health problems. It is a chronic, systemic disease caused by a disruption of the body's energy homeostasis. It is characterised by a pathalogical increase in adipose tissue that leads to complications from all systems and organs. The primary cause of simple obesity in children is a disruption in energy homeostasis between calories consumed and calories used per day - a positive energy balance. Treatment of obesity in children includes a structured weight loss programme, tailored individually to each child, involving changes in dietary and lifestyle habits including physical exercise. Medications for simple obesity have limited use in children. Bariatric surgery, on the other hand, is reserved for adolescents suffering from class III obesity. However, it is important to note that there is little evidence regarding the long-term safety of this method in the treatment of simple obesity in children. A literature review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct databases, 2002-2023 for English-language and Polish-language meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomised clinical trials and observational studies from around the world. Websites of scientific organisations, including WHO (World Health Organization), were also included. The aim of this study is to present simple obesity as a disease of civilisation, to analyse the main factors influencing its development, to identify the long-term health consequences and the methods used for the prevention and treatment of simple obesity in children. The ever-increasing proportion of children with simple obesity proves that it is one of the main epidemiological problems of modern humanity.

Keywords:

obesity, children, Body Mass Index, physical activity, dietary modifications

Similar Articles

Paulina Wilczyńska, Barbara Lisowska-Myjak, ROLA AMINOPEPTYDAZ ŁOŻYSKOWYCH W PRZEBIEGU CIĄŻY , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 17 No. 1 (2019)
Paulina Jeleniewicz, Zuzanna Czarnocka, Dawid Grzeszczuk, Kinga Ostrowska, SELECTED ASPECTS OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF 5-HYDROXYCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 16 No. 1 (2018)
Bartosz Kózka, Anna Kowalkowska, BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATES WITH BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 15 No. 3 (2017)
Bartłomiej Pyrak, Tomasz Gubica, Karolina Rogacka-Pyrak, Cyclodextrin nanosponges as bioenhancers of phytochemicals , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 3 (2024)
Jadwiga Turło, FUNGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY. APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY AND SUPPLEMENTATION , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 11 No. 3 (2013)
Kinga Sosnowicz, Monika Czerwińska, Plant materials used in eye diseases - from use in traditional medicine to research in antioxidant, anti - inflammatory, and antibacterial activity , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 3 (2024)
Kacper Jasiński, Paulina Oleksa, Daria Żuraw, Mateusz Sobczyk, Mikołaj Porzak, Alicja Sodolska, Bartosz Pawłowski, The effectiveness of the immune-boosting preparations in prevention and treatment of respiratory infections , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 22 No. 3 (2024)
Małgorzata Jelińska, FATTY ACIDS - CARCINOGENESIS MODIFYING FACTORS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 1 (2005)
Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska, Mirosław M. Szutowski, STRATEGIES TO COMBAT MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF CANCER , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 10 No. 1 (2012)
Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska, Urszula Bogucka, Mirosław M. Szutowski, FUNCTIONS OF ATP-BINDING CASSETTE (ABC) TRANSPORTERS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 9 No. 3 (2011)

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 > >>

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

PDF

Citation rules

Żuraw, D., Oleksa, P., Sobczyk, M., & Jasiński, K. (2023). Simple obesity in children. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(2), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.145

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Pycińska, M.; Albrecht, P. Otyłość u dzieci. W: Gastroenterologia dziecięca. Poradnik Lekarza praktyka. Pod redakcją: Albrecht, P. Wydawnictwo Czelej, Warszawa, Polska, 2014; 32-40.

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 2017, 390 (10113), 2627–2642. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3

World Health Organization. World health statistics 2023: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva, Szwajcaria, 2023, 1-24.

Zdrowie uczniów w 2018 roku na tle nowego modelu badań HBSC. Pod redakcją: Mazur, J.; Małkowska-Szkutnik, A. Instytut Matki i Dziecka, Warszawa, Polska, 2018; 87-125.

Weker, H.; Barańska, M.; Riahi, A. et al. Nutrition of infants and young children i Poland – PITNUTS 2016. Dev. Period. Med., 2017, 21 (1), 13-21. DOI: 10.34763/devperiodmed.20172101.1328

Anna Dzielska Nadwaga i otyłość u polskich 8-latków w świetle uwarunkowań biologicznych, behawioralnych i społecznych. Raport z międzynarodowych badań WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Pod redakcją: Fijałkowska, A.; Oblacińska, A.; Stalmach, M. Instytut Matki i Dziecka, Warszawa, Polska, 2017, 18-21.

World Health Organization. Online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. (Dostęp: 27 maja 2023.)

Xu, S.; Xue, Y. Pediatric obesity: causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment. Exp. Ther. Med., 2016, 11 (1), 15-20. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2853

Kuźbicka, K.; Rachoń. D. Bad eating habits as the main cause of obesity among children. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab., 2013, 19 (3), 106-110.

Ma, Y.; Bertone, E. R.; Stanek, E. J. 3rd; Reed, G. W.; Hebert, J. R.; Cohen, N. L.; Merriam, P. A.; & Ockene, I. S. Association between eating patterns and obesity in a free-living US adult population. Am. J. Epidemiol., 2013, 158 (1), 85-92. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwg117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg117

Guthold, R.; Stevens, G. A.; Riley, L. M.; & Bull, F. C. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health., 2020, 4 (1), 23-35. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2

van Ekris, E.; Wijndaele, K.; Altenburg, T. M.; Atkin, A. J.; Twisk, J.; Andersen, L. B.; Janz, K. F.; Froberg, K.; Northstone, K.; Page, A. S.; Sardinha, L. B.; van Sluijs, E. M. F.; Chinapaw, M., & International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD). Racking of total sedentary time and sedentary patterns in youth: a pooled analysis using the International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD). Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 2020, 17 (1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00960-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00960-5

Verloigne, M.; Loyen, A.; Van Hecke, L.; Lakerveld, J.; Hendriksen, I.; De Bourdheaudhuij, I.; Deforche, B.; Donnelly, A.; Ekelund, U.; Brug, J.; & van der Ploeg, H. P. Variation in population levels of sedentary time in European children and adolescents according to cross-European studies: a systematic literature review within DEDIPAC. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 2016, 13 (1), 1-21. DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0395-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0395-5

Brzęk, A.; Strauss, M.; Sanchis-Gomar, F.; & Leischik, R. Physical Activity, Screen Time, Sedentary and Sleeping Habits of Polish Preschoolers during the COVID-19 Pandemic and WHO's Recommendations: An Observational Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 2021, 18 (21), 11173. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111173

Medrano, M.; Cadenas-Sanchez, C.; Oses, M.; Arenaza, L.; Amasene, M.; & Labayen, I. Changes in lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 confinement in Spanish children: A longitudinal analysis from the MUGI project. Pediatr. Obes., 2020, 16 (4), 1-11. DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12731 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12731

Owen, N.; Healy, G. N.; Matthews, C. E.; & Dunstan, D. W. Too much sitting: the population health science of sedentary behavior. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., 2012, 38 (3), 105-113. DOI: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2

Fisher, A.; McDonald, L.; van Jaarsveld, C.H.M.; Llewellyn, C.; Fildes A.; Schrempft S.; Wardle, J. Sleep and Energy Intake in Early Childhood. Int. J. Obes. (Lond)., 2014, 38 (7), 926-929. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.50

Gozal, D.; Dumin, M.; Koren, D. Role of Sleep Quality in the Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 2016, 281-310. DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S95120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S95120

Fatima, Y.; Doi, S. A.; & Mamun, A. A. Longitudinal impact of sleep on overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and bias-adjusted meta-analysis. Obes. Rev., 2015, 16 (2), 137–149. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12245

Radoszewska, J. The Psychological Determinants of Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Dev. Period Med., 2017, 21(3), 208-212. DOI: 10.34763/devperiodmed.20172103.208212

Bąk-Sosnowska, M. Differential criteria for binge eating disorder and food addiction in the context of causes and treatment of obesity. Psychiatr. Pol., 2017, 51(2), 247–259. DOI: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/62824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/62824

van der Valk, E. S.; Savas, M.; & van Rossum, E. F. C. Stress and Obesity: Are There More Susceptible Individuals? Curr. Obes. Rep., 2018, 7, 193–203. DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0306-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-018-0306-y

Soni, A.; Siddiqui, N.I.; Wadhwani, R. Relative Influence of Body Mass Index and Socioeconomic Class on Blood Pressure Levels and Health. Eur. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2019, 2, 131–135. DOI: 10.15584/ejcem.2019.2.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2019.2.4

Sorof, J.M.; Lai, D.; Turner, J.; Poffenbarger, T.; Portman, R.J. Overweight, Ethnicity, and the Prevalence of Hypertension in School-Aged Children. Pediatrics, 2004, 113 (3), 475–482. DOI: 10.1542/peds.113.3.475 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.3.475

Lo, J.C.; Chandra, M.; Sinaiko, A.; Daniels, S.R.; Prineas, R.J.; Maring, B.; Parker, E.D.; Sherwood, N.E.; Daley, M.F.; Kharbanda, E.O.; et al. Severe Obesity in Children: Prevalence, Persistence and Relation to Hypertension. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol., 2014, 3, 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2014-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-9856-2014-3

Di Bonito, P.; Pacifico, L.; Chiesa, C.; Valerio, G.; Miraglia Del Giudice, E.; Maffeis, C.; Morandi, A.; Invitti, C.; Licenziati, M.R.; Loche, S. et al. Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Children and Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2016, 40, 409–416. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0576-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0576-8

Araszkiewicz, A.; Bandurska-Stankiewicz, E.; Borys, S.; Budzyński, A.; Cyganek, K.; Cypryk, K.; Czech, A.; Czupryniak, L.; Drzewoski, J.; Dzida, G., et al. Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Diabetes. A Position of Diabetes Poland. Clin. Diabetol., 2021, 10, 1–113. DOI:10.5603/DK.2021.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5603/DK.2021.0001

Zachurzok, A. i Malecka-Tendera, E. Childhood Obesity eBook. European Childhood Obesity Group. 2015. Online: ebook.ecog-obesity.eu/chapter-clinics-complications/cardiovascular-complications-obesity. (Dostęp: 27 maj 2023.)

Brix, N.; Ernst, A.; Lauridsen, L.L.B.; Parner, E.T.; Arah, O.A.; Olsen, J.; Henriksen, T.B.; Ramlau-Hansen, C.H. Childhood Overweight and Obesity and Timing of Puberty in Boys and Girls: Cohort and Sibling-Matched Analyses. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2020, 49 (3), 834–844. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa056

Marcus, C.L.; Brooks, L.J.; Draper, K.A.; Gozal, D.; Halbower, A.C.; Jones, J.; Schechter, M.S.; Sheldon, S.H.; Spruyt, K.; Ward, S.D.; et al. Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012, 130 (3), 576–584.DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-1671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1671

Bhatia, N.N.; Pirpiris, M.; Otsuka, N.Y. Body Mass Index in Patients with Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. J. Pediatr. Orthop., 2006, 26 (2), 197–199. DOI: 10.1097/01.bpo.0000218526.36362.3f DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.bpo.0000218526.36362.3f

Taylor, E.D.; Theim, K.R.; Mirch, M.C.; Ghorbani, S.; Tanofsky-Kraff, M.; Adler-Wailes, D.C.; Brady, S.; Reynolds, J.C.; Calis, K.A.; Yanovski, J.A. Orthopedic Complications of Overweight in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics., 2006, 117 (6), 2167–2174. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1832 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1832

Savino, A.; Pelliccia, P.; Chiarelli, F.; Mohn, A. Obesity-Related Renal Injury in Childhood. Horm. Res. Paediatr., 2010, 73 (5), 303-311. DOI: 10.1159/000308161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000308161

Mercille, G.; Ospina, L.H. Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Review. Pediatr. Rev., 2007, 28 (11), 77-86. DOI: 10.1542/pir.28-11-e77 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.28.11.e77

Gospe, S.M;. Bhatti, M.T.; El-Dairi, M.A. Anatomic and Visual Function Outcomes in Paediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2015, 100 (4), 505–509. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307043

Pinhas-Hamiel, O.; Frumin, K.; Gabis, L.; Mazor-Aronovich, K.; Modan-Moses, D.; Reichman, B.; Lerner-Geva, L. Headaches in Overweight Children and Adolescents Referred to a Tertiary-Care Center in Israel. Obesity (Silver Spring)., 2012, 16 (3), 659–663. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.88 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.88

Aronne, L.J. Classification of Obesity and Assessment of Obesity-Related Health Risks. Obes. Res., 2012, 10 (S12), 105–115. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2002.203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2002.203

Wardle, J.; Williamson, S.; Johnson, F.; Edwards, C. Depression in Adolescent Obesity: Cultural Moderators of the Association between Obesity and Depressive Symptoms. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.), 2005, 30 (4), 634–643. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803142

Kirk, S.; Brehm, B.; Saelens, B.E.; Woo, J.G.; Kissel, E.; D’Alessio, D.; Bolling, C.; Daniels, S.R. Role of Carbohydrate Modification in Weight Management among Obese Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J. Pediatr., 2012, 161 (2), 320–327. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.01.041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.01.041

Kumar, S.; Kelly, A.S.; Kumar, S., Review of Childhood Obesity: from Epidemiology, Etiology, and Comorbidities to Clinical Assessment and Treatment. Mayo Clin. Proc., 2017, 92 (2), 251–265.DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017

Sothern, M.; Udall, J.; Suskind, R.; Vargas, A.; Blecker, U. Weight Loss and Growth Velocity in Obese Children after Very Low Calorie Diet, Exercise, and Behavior Modification. Acta Paediatr., 2007, 89 (9), 1036–1043. DOI: 10.1080/713794562 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb03347.x

Davison, K.K.; Birch, L.L. Childhood Overweight: A Contextual Model and Recommendations for Future Research. Obes. Rev., 2001, 2 (3), 159–171. DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00036.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00036.x

Schranz, N.; Tomkinson, G.; Parletta, N.; Petkov, J.; Olds, T. Can Resistance Training Change the Strength, Body Composition and Self-Concept of Overweight and Obese Adolescent Males? A Randomised Controlled Trial. Br. J. Sports Med., 2014, 48 (20), 1482–1488. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092209

Pino, H.; Smith, A. The Role of Physical Activity in the Management of Childhood Obesity. Bariatr. Times. 1 maja 2007. Online: https://bariatrictimes.com/the-role-of-physical-activity-in-the-management-of-childhood-obesity/ (Dostęp: 27 maja 2023.)

Headid, R.J. III; Park, S.-Y. The Impacts of Exercise on Pediatric Obesity. Clin. Exp. Pediatr., 2021, 64, 196-207. DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.00997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00997

Kelly, A.S.; Auerbach, P.; Barrientos-Perez, M.; Gies, I.; Hale, P.M.; Marcus, C.; Mastrandrea, L.D.; Prabhu, N.; Arslanian, S. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Liraglutide for Adolescents with Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382 (22), 2117–2128. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1916038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916038

Styne, D.M.; Arslanian, S.A.; Connor, E.L.; Farooqi, I.S.; Murad, M.H.; Silverstein, J.H.; Yanovski, J.A. Pediatric Obesity—Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2017, 102 (3), 709–757. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573

Dabas, A.; Seth, A. Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity. Indian J. Pediatr., 2018, 85, 546–553. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-018-2636-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-018-2636-x

World Health Organization. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva, Szwajcaria, 2010, 35-38.

World Health Organization. Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013–2020. Geneva, Szwajcaria, 2013, 21-26.

European Commission. EU Action Plan on Childhood Obesity 2014–2020. Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety. Bruksela, Belgia, 2014, 8-21.

Wake, M.; Salmon, L.; Waters, E.; Wright, M.; Hesketh, K. Parent-Reported Health Status of Overweight and Obese Australian Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Population Survey. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2002, 26 (5), 717-724. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801974

Manios, Y.; Moschonis, G.; Karatzi, K.; Androutsos, O.; Chinapaw, M.; Moreno, L.A.; Bere, E.; Molnar, D.; Jan, N.; Dössegger, A.; et al. Large Proportions of Overweight and Obese Children, as Well as Their Parents, Underestimate Children’s Weight Status across Europe. The Energy (EuropeaN Energy Balance Research to Prevent Excessive Weight Gain among Youth) Project. Public Health Nutr., 2015, 18 (12), 2183–2190. DOI: 10.1017/S136898001400305X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001400305X

Dudek-Głąbicka, J. Rola rodziców we wspieraniu dziecka z nadwagą i otyłością. W: Wspieranie dziecka z nadwagą i otyłością w społeczności szkolnej. Pod redakcją: Oblacińska, A. Ośrodek Rozwoju Edukacji, Warszawa, 2013, 26-29.

Jasik, C.B.; Lustig, R.H. Adolescent Obesity and Puberty: The “Perfect Storm”. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2008, 1135 (1), 265-279. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1429.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1429.009

Szewetowska K. Edukacja i Dialog. [Online] http://edukacjaidialog.pl/archiwum/2009,261/kwiecien,301/nasze_sprawy,309/stygmatyzacja_spoleczna,2199.html [Dostęp: 27 maja 2023.]

Majcher, A.; Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna, A.; Kądziela, K.; Rumińska, M.; & Pyrżak, B. Development of Obesity from Childhood to Adolescents. Rozwój otyłości od dzieciństwa do wieku młodzieńczego. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab., 2021, 27 (2), 70-75. DOI: 10.5114/pedm.2021.105297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2021.105297

Simple obesity in children

Daria Żuraw

Paulina Oleksa

Mateusz Sobczyk

Kacper Jasiński

Abstract

Keywords:

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

Daria Żuraw

Paulina Oleksa

Mateusz Sobczyk

Kacper Jasiński