SGLT2 inhibitors and their possible use in prevention and treatment of neurological diseases

Mateusz Sobczyk; Daria Żuraw; Paulina Oleksa; Kacper Jasiński; Mikołaj Porzak; Michał Dacka

doi:10.56782/pps.176

Published : 2024-02-22

Vol. 22 No. 1 (2024)

SGLT2 inhibitors and their possible use in prevention and treatment of neurological diseases

Mateusz Sobczyk

Daria Żuraw

Paulina Oleksa

Kacper Jasiński

Mikołaj Porzak

Michał Dacka

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.176

Abstract

Neurological diseases, neurological complications of diabetes and cardiovascular disease complications affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine. Many of these diseases require the introduction of new therapies to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients. Drugs with the increasing use in recent years are the SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i): canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin. They demonstrate multiple pleiotropic actions with potential applications in CNS diseases. In addition to renal tubules, SGLT receptors are also found within the central nervous system. In numerous studies in animal models, SGLT2i have had promising results in the treatment of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorders, lesions caused by vascular diseases or complications of ischaemic stroke. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory processes within the CNS, which may in the future be used to treat neurological diseases. So far, published studies on the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on the nervous system are promising, but extensive, multicentre randomised trials on large groups of patients are needed to understand the exact mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects and potential side effects of SGLT2i.

Keywords:

SGLT2 inhibitors, Alzheimer disease, Ischemic Stroke, Type 2 Diabetes, Autism spectrum disorders

Similar Articles

Piotr Bojanowski, Piotr F. J. Lipiński, Paweł Czekała, Dariusz Plewczyński, MULTITARGET DRUGS – A NEW PARADIGM IN DRUG DESIGN , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 11 No. 1 (2013)
Martyna Z. Wróbel, Monika Marciniak, 5-HT1A RECEPTOR LIGANDS AS POTENTIAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 13 No. 5 (2015)
Mustafa Sevindik, Celal Bal, Emre Cem Eraslan, İmran Uysal, Falah Saleh Mohammed, Medicinal mushrooms: a comprehensive study on their antiviral potential , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 21 No. 2 (2023)
Anna Flis-Borsuk, Lidia Śliwka, Zofia Suchocka, Jakub Borsuk, Zbigniew Fijałek, Katarzyna Lubelska, Piotr Suchocki, SELENITETRIGLYCERIDES AND THEIR PROMISE IN CANCER TREATMENT , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 14 No. 3 (2016)
Karolina Nowakowska, EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF FUNCTIONING AND NONFUNCTIONING PITUITARY ADENOMAS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 13 No. 6 (2015)
Joanna J. Sajkowska, Katarzyna Paradowska, MULTIPLE ACTIVITIES OF VITAMIN D , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 12 No. 1 (2014)
Marcin Łukasik, Jolanta Karmalska, Mirosław M. Szutowski, Jacek Łukaszkiewicz, EFFECT OF DNA METHYLATION ON GENOME FUNCTION , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 7 No. 2 (2009)
Agnieszka Białek, Andrzej Tokarz, DIETARY SOURCES AND BENEFICIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACIDS (CLA) , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 7 No. 1 (2009)
Piotr Wałejko, Stanisław Witkowski, POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR OXIDATION PRODUCTS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 14 No. 7 (2016)
Justyna Śledź, ORAL CAVITY CANCER - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA AND RISK FACTORS , Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Vol. 13 No. 2 (2015)

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 > >>

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Details

References

Statistics

Authors

Download files

PDF

Citation rules

Sobczyk, M., Żuraw, D., Oleksa, P., Jasiński, K., Porzak, M., & Dacka, M. (2024). SGLT2 inhibitors and their possible use in prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.176

Altmetric indicators

Cited by / Share

Licence

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Ong, K.L.; Stafford, L.K.; McLaughlin, S.A.; Boyko, E.J.; Vollset, S.E.; Smith, A.E.; Dalton, B.E.; Duprey, J.; Cruz, J.A.; Hagins, H.; i in. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2023, 402, 203-234, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6

Kanaley, J.A.; Colberg, S.R.; Corcoran, M.H.; Malin, S.K.; Rodriguez, N.R.; Crespo, C.J.; Kirwan, J.P.; Zierath, J.R. Exercise/Physical Activity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 2022, 54, 353-368. DOI:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002800

Bertoluci, M.C.; Rocha, V.Z. Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with diabetes. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 2017, 9, Art. No: 25. DOI:10.1186/S13098-017-0225-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-017-0225-1

Pawlos, A.; Broncel, M.; Woźniak, E.; Gorzelak-Pabiś, P. Neuroprotective Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors. Molecules 2021, 26, Art. No: 7213. DOI:10.3390/MOLECULES26237213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237213

Nguyen, T.T.; Ta, Q.T.H.; Nguyen, T.K.O.; Nguyen, T.T.D.; Giau, V. Van Type 3 Diabetes and Its Role Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, Art. No: 3165. DOI:10.3390/IJMS21093165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093165

Yu, J.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, M.K. Recent Updates to Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrinol. Metab. 2022, 37, 26-37. DOI:10.3803/ENM.2022.105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2022.105

Cowie, M.R.; Fisher, M. SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit beyond glycaemic control. Nature reviews. Cardiology 2020, 17, 761–772. DOI:10.1038/S41569-020-0406-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0406-8

Herrera-González, A.; Núñez-López, G.; Núñez-Dallos, N.; Amaya-Delgado, L.; Sandoval, G.; Remaud-Simeon, M.; Morel, S.; Arrizon, J.; Hernández, L. Enzymatic synthesis of phlorizin fructosides. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2021, 147, Art. No: 109783. DOI:10.1016/J.ENZMICTEC.2021.109783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109783

Shubrook, J.H.; Bokaie, B.B.; Adkins, S.E. Empagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Evidence to date. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2015, 9, 5793–5803. DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S69926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S69926

Chawla, G.; Chaudhary, K.K. A complete review of empagliflozin: Most specific and potent SGLT2 inhibitor used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2019, 13, 2001–2008. DOI:10.1016/J.DSX.2019.04.035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.04.035

Packer, M. Dual SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitor sotagliflozin achieves FDA approval: landmark or landmine? Nat. Cardiovasc. Res. 2, 2023, 705–707. DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00306-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-023-00306-x

Zinman, B.; Wanner, C.; Lachin, J.M.; Fitchet, D.; Bluhmki, E.; Hantel, S.; Matheus, M.; Devins, T.; Johansen, O.E.; Woerle, H.J.; i in. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N. Eng. J. Med 2015, 373, 17–18. DOI:10.1056/NEJMOA1504720. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504720

Muskiet, M.H.A.; van Raalte, D.H.; van Bommel, E.; Smits, M.M.; Tonneijck, L. Understanding EMPA-REG OUTCOME. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015, 3, 928–929. DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00424-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00424-6

Vallon, V.; Platt, K.A.; Cunard, R.; Schroth, J.; Whaley, J.; Thomson, S.C.; Koepsell, H.; Rieg, T. SGLT2 Mediates Glucose Reabsorption in the Early Proximal Tubule. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2011, 22, 104-112. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2010030246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010030246

Vallon, V.; Verma, S. Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Kidney and Cardiovascular Function. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2021, 83, 503–528. DOI:10.1146/annurev-physiol-031620-095920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-031620-095920

Chao, E.C.; Henry, R.R. SGLT2 inhibition — a novel strategy for diabetes treatment. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2010, 9, 551–559. DOI:10.1038/nrd3180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3180

Qiu, M.; Ding, L.L.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, H.R. Safety of four SGLT2 inhibitors in three chronic diseases: A meta-analysis of large randomized trials of SGLT2 inhibitors. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res. 2021, 18. DOI:10.1177/14791641211011016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14791641211011016

Ujjawal, A.; Schreiber, B.; Verma, A. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in kidneytransplant recipients: what is the evidence? Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab. 2022, 13. DOI:10.1177/20420188221090001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20420188221090001

Yu, A.S.; Hirayama, B.A.; Timbol, G.; Liu, J.; Diez-Sampedro, A.; Kepe, V.; Satyamurthy, N.; Huang, S.C.; Wright, E.M.; Barrio, J.R. Regional distribution of SGLT activity in rat brain in vivo. Am. J. Physiol 2013, 304. DOI:10.1152/AJPCELL.00317.2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00317.2012

Shah, K.; DeSilva, S.; Abbruscato, T. The Role of Glucose Transporters in Brain Disease: Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, Art. No: 12629. DOI:10.3390/IJMS131012629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131012629

Wright, E.M.; Loo, D.D.; Hirayama, B.A. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiol. Rev. 2011, 91, 733–794. DOI:10.1152/PHYSREV.00055.2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00055.2009

Nguyen, T.; Wen, S.; Gong, M.; Yuan, X.; Xu, D.; Wang, C.; Jin, J.; Zhou, L. Dapagliflozin Activates Neurons in the Central Nervous System and Regulates Cardiovascular Activity by Inhibiting SGLT-2 in Mice. Diabet. Met. Synd. Ob. 2020, 13, 2781–2799. DOI:10.2147/DMSO.S258593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S258593

Enerson, B.E.; Drewes, L.R. The rat blood-brain barrier transcriptome. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Meta. 2006, 26, 959–973. DOI:10.1038/SJ.JCBFM.9600249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600249

Koepsell, H. Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease. Pflug. Arch. 2020, 472, 1299–1343. DOI:10.1007/S00424-020-02441-X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-020-02441-x

Oerter, S.; Förster, C.; Bohnert, M. Validation of sodium/glucose cotransporter proteins in human brain as a potential marker for temporal narrowing of the trauma formation. Int. J. Legal Med. 2019, 133, 1107–1114. DOI:10.1007/S00414-018-1893-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-018-1893-6

Tahara, A.; Takasu, T.; Yokono, M.; Imamura, M.; Kurosaki, E. Characterization and comparison of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacologic effects. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2016, 130, 159–169. DOI:10.1016/J.JPHS.2016.02.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphs.2016.02.003

Cinti, F.; Moffa, S.; Impronta, F.; Cefalo, C.M.A.; Sun, V.A.; Sorice, G.; Mezza, T.; Giaccari, A. Spotlight on ertugliflozin and its potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: evidence to date. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2017, 11, 2905. DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S114932. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S114932

Malhotra, A.; Kudyar, S.; Gupta, A.K.; Kudyar, R.P.; Malhotra, P. Sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors – A new class of old drugs. Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res. 2015, 5, 161. DOI:10.4103/2229-516X.165363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-516X.165363

Zhang, J.; Chen, C.; Hua, S.; Liao, H.; Wang, M.; Xiong, Y.; Cao, F. An updated meta-analysis of cohort studies: Diabetes and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2017, 124, 41–47. DOI:10.1016/J.DIABRES.2016.10.024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.10.024

Khan, S.; Barve, K.H.; Kumar, M.S. Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2020, 18, 1106. DOI:10.2174/1570159X18666200528142429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X18666200528142429

Scheltens, P.; De Strooper, B.; Kivipelto, M.; Holstege, H.; Chételat, G.; Teunissen, C.E.; Cummings, J.; van der Flier, W.M. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 2021, 397, 1577-1590. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32205-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32205-4

Jasleen, B.; Vishal, G.K.; Sameera, M.; Fahad, M.; Brendan, O.; Deion, S.; Pemminati, S. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: Benefits Versus Risk. Cureus 2023, 15, Art. No: e33939. DOI:10.7759/CUREUS.33939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33939

Lin, B.; Koibuchi, N.; Hasegawa, Y.; Sueta, D.; Toyama, K.; Uekawa, K.; Ma, M.J.; Nakagawa, T.; Kusaka, H.; Kim-Mitsuyama, S. Glycemic control with empagliflozin, a novel selective SGLT2 inhibitor, ameliorates cardiovascular injury and cognitive dysfunction in obese and type 2 diabetic mice. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2014, 13, 148. DOI:10.1186/S12933-014-0148-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-014-0148-1

Gao, L.; Zhang, Y.; Sterling, K.; Song, W. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer’s disease and its pharmaceutical potential. Transl. Neurodegener. 2022, 11, Art. No: 4. DOI:10.1186/S40035-022-00279-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-022-00279-0

Jha, D.; Bakker, E.N.T.P.; Kumar, R. Mechanistic and therapeutic role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurochem. 2023, 00, 1–25. DOI:10.1111/JNC.15788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15788

Kim, S.R.; Lee, S.G.; Kim, S.H.; Kim, J.H.; Choi, E.; Cho, W.; Rim, J.H.; Hwang, I.; Lee, C.J.; Lee, M.; i in. SGLT2 inhibition modulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity via ketones and insulin in diabetes with cardiovascular disease. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, Art. No: 2127. DOI:10.1038/S41467-020-15983-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15983-6

Barrett, T.J. Macrophages in Atherosclerosis Regression. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2020, 40, 20–33. DOI:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312802

Xu, L.; Nagata, N.; Nagashimada, M.; Zhuge, F.; Ni, Y.; Chen, G.; Mayoux, E.; Kaneko, S.; Ota, T. SGLT2 Inhibition by Empagliflozin Promotes Fat Utilization and Browning and Attenuates Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by Polarizing M2 Macrophages in Diet-induced Obese Mice. EBioMedicine 2017, 20, 137–149. DOI:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.05.028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.05.028

Miyachi, Y.; Tsuchiya, K.; Shiba, K.; Mori, K.; Komiya, C.; Ogasawara, N.; Ogawa, Y. A reduced M1-like/M2-like ratio of macrophages in healthy adipose tissue expansion during SGLT2 inhibition. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 1–13. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-34305-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34305-x

Erichsen, J.; Craft, S. Targeting immunometabolic pathways for combination therapy in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. (N Y), 2023, 9, Art. No: e12423. DOI: 10.1002/TRC2.12423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/trc2.12423

Wium-Andersen, I.K.; Osler, M.; Jørgensen, M.B.; Rungby, J.; Wium-Andersen, M.K. Antidiabetic medication and risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2019, 181, 499–507. DOI:10.1530/EJE-19-0259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-19-0259

Avgerinos, K.I.; Mullins, R.J.; Vreones, M.; Mustapic, M.; Chen, Q.; Melvin, D.; Kapogiannis, D.; Egan, J.M. Empagliflozin Induced Ketosis, Upregulated IGF-1/Insulin Receptors and the Canonical Insulin Signaling Pathway in Neurons, and Decreased the Excitatory Neurotransmitter Glutamate in the Brain of Non-Diabetics. Cells 2022, 11, Art. No: 3372 DOI:10.3390/CELLS11213372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11213372

Sȩdzikowska, A.; Szablewski, L. Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, Art. No: 9987. DOI:10.3390/IJMS22189987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189987

Kullmann, S.; Hummel, J.; Wagner, R.; Dannecker, C.; Vosseler, A.; Fritsche, L.; Veit, R.; Kantartzis, K.; Machann, J.; Birkenfeld, A.L.; i in. Empagliflozin Improves Insulin Sensitivity of the Hypothalamus in Humans With Prediabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Trial. Diabetes Care 2022, 45, 398–406. DOI:10.2337/DC21-1136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1136

Zhao, Y.; Zhang, X.; Chen, X.; Wei, Y. Neuronal injuries in cerebral infarction and ischemic stroke: From mechanisms to treatment (Review). Int. J. Mol. Med. 2022, 49, 15. DOI:10.3892/IJMM.2021.5070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.5070

Orellana-Urzúa, S.; Rojas, I.; Líbano, L.; Rodrigo, R. Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke: Role of Oxidative Stress. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2020, 26, 4246–4260. DOI:10.2174/1381612826666200708133912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200708133912

Abdel-latif, R.G.; Rifaai, R.A.; Amin, E.F. Empagliflozin alleviates neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2020, 43, 514–525. DOI:10.1007/S12272-020-01237-Y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-020-01237-y

Zheng, J.; Chen, P.; Zhong, J.; Cheng, Y.; Chen, H.; He, Y.; Chen, C. HIF-1α in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol. Med. Rep. 2021, 23, DOI:10.3892/MMR.2021.11991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.11991

Xing, J.; Lu, J. HIF-1α Activation Attenuates IL-6 and TNF-α Pathways in Hippocampus of Rats Following Transient Global Ischemia. Cell. Pchysiol. Biochem. 2016, 39, 511–520. DOI:10.1159/000445643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000445643

Al Hamed, F.A.; Elewa, H. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Sodium Glucose-linked Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Stroke. Clin. Ther. 2020, 42, e242–e249. DOI:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.09.008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.09.008

Moon, S.; Chang, M.S.; Koh, S.H.; Choi, Y.K. Repair Mechanisms of the Neurovascular Unit after Ischemic Stroke with a Focus on VEGF. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, Art. No: 8543. DOI:10.3390/IJMS22168543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168543

Wiciński, M.; Wódkiewicz, E.; Górski, K.; Walczak, M.; Malinowski, B. Perspective of SGLT2 Inhibition in Treatment of Conditions Connected to Neuronal Loss: Focus on Alzheimer’s Disease and Ischemia-Related Brain Injury. Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13 (11), Art. No: 379. DOI:10.3390/PH13110379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110379

Geiseler, S.J.; Morland, C. The Janus Face of VEGF in Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, Art. No: 1362. DOI:10.3390/IJMS19051362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051362

Chiarotti, F.; Venerosi, A. Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Worldwide Prevalence Estimates Since 2014. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 274, DOI:10.3390/BRAINSCI10050274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050274

Wang, L.; Wang, B.; Wu, C.; Wang, J.; Sun, M. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neurodevelopmental Risk Factors, Biological Mechanism, and Precision Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, DOI:10.3390/IJMS24031819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031819

Elsabbagh, M.; Divan, G.; Koh, Y.J.; Kim, Y.S.; Kauchali, S.; Marcín, C.; Montiel-Nava, C.; Patel, V.; Paula, C.S.; Wang, C.; i in. Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Res. 2012, 5, 160–179. DOI:10.1002/AUR.239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.239

Jayaprakash, P.; Isaev, D.; Shabbir, W.; Lorke, D.E.; Sadek, B.; Oz, M. Curcumin Potentiates α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Alleviates Autistic-Like Social Deficits and Brain Oxidative Stress Status in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, Art. No: 7251. DOI:10.3390/IJMS22147251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147251

Bjørklund, G.; Meguid, N.A.; El-Bana, M.A.; Tinkov, A.A.; Saad, K.; Dadar, M.; Hemimi, M.; Skalny, A. V.; Hosnedlová, B.; Kizek, R.; i in. Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol. Neurobiol. 2020, 57, 2314–2332. DOI:10.1007/S12035-019-01742-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-01742-2

Nakhal, M.M.; Aburuz, S.; Sadek, B.; Akour, A. Repurposing SGLT2 Inhibitors for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Molecules 2022, 27, Art. No: 7174. DOI:10.3390/MOLECULES27217174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217174

Nakhal, M.M.; Jayaprakash, P.; Aburuz, S.; Sadek, B.; Akour, A. Canagliflozin Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Autistic-like Features in Valproic-Acid-Induced Autism in Rats: Comparison with Aripiprazole Action. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 769, DOI:10.3390/PH16050769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050769

Mateusz Sobczyk

m.sobczyk1777@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8690-2387

Affiliation:

a:1:{s:5:"en_US";s:83:"Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego w Lublinie";} Poland

Daria Żuraw

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0815-4322

Affiliation:

Student Research Circle at the Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland Poland

Paulina Oleksa

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3474-6156

Affiliation:

Student Research Circle at the Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland Poland

Kacper Jasiński

Affiliation:

Student Research Circle at the Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland Poland

Mikołaj Porzak

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0548-1950

Affiliation:

Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego w Lublinie Poland

Michał Dacka

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8783-6517

Affiliation:

Military Clinical Hospital in Lublin, al. Racławickie 23, 20-049 Lublin, Poland Poland

SGLT2 inhibitors and their possible use in prevention and treatment of neurological diseases

Mateusz Sobczyk

Daria Żuraw

Paulina Oleksa

Kacper Jasiński

Mikołaj Porzak

Michał Dacka

Abstract

Keywords:

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

Mateusz Sobczyk

Daria Żuraw

Paulina Oleksa

Kacper Jasiński

Mikołaj Porzak

Michał Dacka